		Gfarm File System Setup Manual

Table of contents
=================

* About this document
  - Convention of command execution
* Overview
  - Firewall configuration
  - about SELinux
* Configuration of a Gfarm metadata server (MDS)
* Configuration of a Gfarm file system node
* Configuration of a Gfarm client node
  - Configuration of a client node
* Testing of the Gfarm file system
  - gfls - directory listing
  - gfhost - file system node information
  - gfdf - storage capacity
* User registration
* Gfarm administrative privilege and gfarmroot privilege
* Examples of basic functionality
  - File copy
  - File access
  - mount
* Further examples of advanced functionality
  - File replica creation

About this document
===================

This document describes how to configure the Gfarm file system.

For users who would like to configure a Gfarm file system by a non
privileged user, refer to SETUP.private.en.

Please install the Gfarm software before using this manual,
By using either INSTALL.en, for installation from the source code,
or INSTALL.RPM.en, for installation from the RPM binary packages.

If problems occur, please refer to the Trouble Shooting section
in Gfarm-FAQ.en.

o Convention of command execution

In this document, command lines with the prompt '#' mean that the root
privilege of the operating system is required for execution and
command lines with the prompt '$' mean that they should be executed
without the root privilege.

	# useradd -c "Gfarm gfsd" -m _gfarmfs	[with the root privilege]
	$ gfkey -f -p 31536000			[without the root privilege]

Overview
========

To introduce the Gfarm file system, configure a metadata server at first,
then configure file system nodes, and clients.

After that, register Gfarm global users including not only regular
users but also global users with administrative privilege or
gfarmroot privilege.

o Firewall configuration

The following network communication has to be allowed.

source           destination      proto purpose
IP     port      IP     port
------ --------- ------ --------- ----- -------------------------------
gfmd   ephemeral gfmd   gfmd_port TCP   metadata replication
gfmd   ephemeral gfsd   gfsd_port UDP   gfmd failover notification request
gfsd   ephemeral gfmd   gfmd_port TCP   metadata access
gfsd   ephemeral gfsd   gfsd_port TCP   data replication
gfsd   gfsd_port gfmd   ephemeral UDP   gfmd failover notification response
gfsd   gfsd_port client ephemeral UDP   gfsd health check response
client ephemeral gfmd   gfmd_port TCP   metadata access
client ephemeral gfsd   gfsd_port TCP   data access
client ephemeral gfsd   gfsd_port UDP   gfsd health check request

    gfmd_port: the port number which is specified by "config-gfarm -m"
    gfsd_port: the port number which is specified by "config-gfsd -p"
    ephemeral: port number range that communication initiators will use.
	The range depends on the type of the client OS,
	and is greater than 1023 usually.

For TCP connections, this table only describes rules for communication
from a connection initiator to a connection acceptor, and omits rules
for the other direction.
If you are not using a stateful inspection feature of your firewall,
you must allow the TCP communication for the other direction as well.

Also, this table doesn't describe anything about icmp packets.  But if
you disallow packets of icmp type:3 (unreachable) code:4 (need fragment),
the path MTU discovery feature stops working, and the communication
performance may drop or the communication itself may stop working in
some cases.
For other types of icmp packets, disalllowing them may delay detection
of a communication error, or may prevent Gfarm related programs from
getting a reason of an error.

o about SELinux

Current Gfarm distribution doesn't include settings for SELinux,
thus, you have to change SELinux setting to "Permissive" or "Disabled",
or add custom SELinux privilege setting for Gfarm.

If "Enforcing" is displayed by the following command, you have to
change the setting.
	# getenforce


Configuration of a Gfarm metadata server (MDS)
==============================================

To set up a Gfarm file system, the root privilege of the operating
system is required.

To begin with, the following information is required:

- a global username of an administrator	[-A]
- a subject DN of an administrator	[-D]	(for GSI auth only)

  The global username is a unique user name used in Gfarm file system
  to share files among several administrative domains having different
  account names.

  If you log on to your operating system as a normal user and
  get the root privilege by using the su command, and then
  invoke the config-gfarm command, the account name of the normal user
  will be used as the default setting of the global username of
  a Gfarm administrator.  If you'd like to change the default setting,
  please specify the -A option to the config-gfarm command.

  In case of the shared secret authentication, the account name which
  was used to log on to the operating system is used as the Gfarm
  global username by default.  This mapping from the account name of
  the operating system to the Gfarm global username can be customized
  by a user mapfile that is specified by 'local_user_map' directive in
  gfarm2.conf file.

  In case of GSI, a user having the specified subject DN is an
  administrator for a Gfarm file system.  The mapping between the
  subject DN and the user's local account has to be defined in
  the /etc/grid-security/grid-mapfile file.
  To use the GSI authentication, you have to install Globus before
  building Gfarm binaries, and have to specify --with-globus option
  to the configure command of the Gfarm source code to enable Globus.

  Note that you cannot specify "_gfarmmd" user or "_gfarmfs" user
  in the -A option above, because these are special users which can be
  used only for sharedsecret key access by gfmd daemon and gfsd daemon.
  Thus, these two users cannot be used for either usual Gfarm access or
  administrative access.

Run 'config-gfarm' to configure a Gfarm file system.  First, make
sure the default setting with the -t option.  With the -t option,
nothing is really executed except for the display of the settings for
configuration.

   In case of sharedsecret:

	# config-gfarm -t -A <global_admin_name>

   In case of GSI:

	# config-gfarm -t -A <global_admin_name> -a gsi_auth -D <Subject DN>

The -a option specifies the authentication method in Gfarm file system.
The default is shared secret authentication (sharedsecret).
In case of GSI, either "-a gsi" or "-a gsi_auth" should be used.
For details, refer to a manual page of gfarm2.conf(5) and Gfarm-FAQ.en.
The -D option is only required for GSI authentication.

Note that the -X option is required to enable XML Path Language
(XPath) support for querying XML extended attributes.  The -r option
is required for master-slave metadata server configuration that
enables failover of gfmd.  For details, see tutorial of master-slave
metadata servers. (html/en/user/redundancy-tutorial.html)

You can modify any default parameter with the option shown in [ ].
When you have confirmed the parameter, run 'config-gfarm' by the root
user without the -t option.

   In case of sharedsecret:

	# config-gfarm -A <global_admin_name>

   In case of GSI:

	# config-gfarm -A <global_admin_name> -a gsi_auth -D <Subject DN>

the config-gfarm command performs the following processes, in that order:

  1. creates directories for the backend database, automatically generates
     configuration files for it, and builds the backend database.

  2. creates directories for Gfarm, automatically generates Gfarm
     configuration files <sysconfdir>/gfarm2.conf and <sysconfdir>/gfmd.conf.

       '<sysconfdir>' represents a directory for configuration files,
       specified by --sysconfdir option of 'configure' at the compilation
       of Gfarm (see 'INSTALL.en' for more details).  If you have installed
       Gfarm from the RPM binary packages, <sysconfdir> is '/etc'.

       If you would like to run multiple gfmd on one host to provide
       multiple Gfarm file systems, please specify --prefix <directory>
       as an option of the config-gfarm command.  In this case, etc
       directory is created under the specified directory, and it is
       the <sysconfdir>.
       <sysconfdir> is assumed as /etc in the following command line
       examples.

  3. automatically generates scripts (or configuration files) to
     start/stop the backend database and the Gfarm metadata server gfmd.

       On most systems, config-gfarm puts start/stop scripts 'gfmd' and
       'gfarm-pgsql' onto either /etc/init.d or /etc/rc.d/init.d, according
       to the operating system.

       On Linux with systemd such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 or later,
       config-gfarm puts the unit configuration files 'gfmd.service' and
       'gfarm-pgsql.service' onto /etc/systemd/system, and then executes
       'systemctl enable gfmd.service' and 'systemctl enable
       gfarm-pgsql.service' respectively.

  4. starts the backend database and gfmd.

When you use the shared secret authentication between gfsd and gfmd,
it is necessary to create a '_gfarmfs' user and a shared secret key.

	# useradd -c "Gfarm gfsd" -m _gfarmfs

  Note that --force-badname option may be required for useradd on
  Debian.  We recommend to create a home directory in NFS if
  available.

Create a shared secret key '~/.gfarm_shared_key' for the _gfarmfs user
in the home directory.

	# su _gfarmfs
	$ gfkey -f -p 31536000

  This example sets up an expiration date of about one year (31536000
  seconds).

In case of the shared secret authentication, and if account names
of Gfarm users on the operating system are different from
names of Gfarm global users, the 'local_user_map' directive setting
in gfmd.conf and gfarm2.conf file is needed.  gfmd has to be restarted
after the change of gfmd.conf.

If NFS is not used to share users' home directories, or your NFS server
is using "no_root_squash" as an export option, you can decrease
the CPU load of gfmd by using the following directive in gfmd.conf:
	metadb_server_nfs_root_squash_support disable
Do not use this option, if any home directory is shared by NFS
which does not have the no_root_squash option.

In case of the GSI authentication, you should prepare a host certificate
and client certificates and should configure globus related settings.
But the procedure is not described here.  Please refer "GSI C Admin Guide"
in http://www.globus.org/

You can check whether the metadata server gfmd is running or not by
the following command execution;

  Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 or later:
	# systemctl status gfmd.service

  Others:
	# /etc/init.d/gfmd status

For the automatic startup during the boot process, type the following
commands;

  Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 or later:
	# systemctl enable gfarm-pgsql.service
	# systemctl enable gfmd.service

  Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 or earlier:
	# chkconfig --add gfmd
	# chkconfig --add gfarm-pgsql

  Debian:
	# update-rc.d gfmd defaults
	# update-rc.d gfarm-pgsql defaults

If you would like to remove all files generated by config-gfarm,
please use <sysconfdir>/unconfig-gfarm.sh.

	# /etc/unconfig-gfarm.sh

This command asks confirmation as follows:

	Do you unconfigure gfarm? [y/n]:

If you answer "y", the gfmd daemon will be stopped, and generated
configuration files will be removed.  Also, all metadata of this
Gfarm file system will be removed.

What the unconfig-gfarm.sh command does can be seen by specifying -t option
to the unconfig-gfarm.sh command before actually removing the files.

Configuration of a Gfarm file system node
=========================================

To set up a Gfarm file system node, the root privilege is required.

Create a '_gfarmfs' user if not exist.  This user is a system account
for a gfsd I/O daemon.

	# useradd -c "Gfarm gfsd" -m _gfarmfs

In case of the shared secret authentication, copy the shared secret
key ".gfarm_shared_key" in the _gfarmfs's directory from the metadata
server if the home directory is not shared by NFS.

  Note that the permission of ".gfarm_shared_key" file should be '0600'
  and the owner should be '_gfarmfs'.

  The ".gfarm_shared_key" file will be void after the expiration period
  specified by the -p option of the gfkey command.  Thus, you have to
  redistribute the key file to all file system nodes before the period.

In case of the GSI authentication, obtain a service certificate for
the gfsd.

  Copy the certificate to /etc/grid-security/gfsd/gfsdcert.pem,
  and the private key to /etc/grid-security/gfsd/gfsdkey.pem,
  and change the owner to '_gfarmfs'.
  The permission of gfsdkey.pem should be 0400.

  If you would like to execute two or more gfsd servers on the same host
  using virtual IP addresses, you need to specify the hostname or
  IP address of each gfsd by -l option of config-gfsd.  In this case,
  the location of gfsd service certificate should be
  /etc/grid-security/gfsd-<hostname or IP address>/gfsdcert.pem
  and the location of gfsd private key should be
  /etc/grid-security/gfsd-<hostname or IP address>/gfsdkey.pem

Copy <sysconfdir>/gfarm2.conf from the metadata server that is created
by 'config-gfarm'.

  '<sysconfdir>' represents a directory for configuration files,
  specified by --sysconfdir option of 'configure' at the compilation
  of Gfarm (see 'INSTALL.en' for more details).  If you have installed
  Gfarm from the RPM binary packages, <sysconfdir> is '/etc'.
  If --prefix <directory> option is specified as an option of config-gfsd
  command, <sysconfdir> will be "etc" directory under the directory.
  <sysconfdir> is assumed as /etc in the following command line
  examples.

Run 'config-gfsd' to set up a spool directory in a local file system
on the file system node, and register it in the metadata server.
First, make sure of the default setting with the -t option.  With the -t
option, nothing is really executed except for display of the settings for
configuration.

	# config-gfsd -t /var/gfarm

  You can modify any default parameter by using the option shown in [ ].

  The last argument of config-gfsd is a spool directory, which stores
  physical files in Gfarm file system.  Note that the spool directory
  should be a non-shared area among file system nodes.

When you have confirmed the parameter, run 'config-gfsd' by the root
user without the -t option.

	# config-gfsd /var/gfarm

'config-gfsd' creates the configuration file <sysconfdir>/gfsd.conf
and puts the startup script in <sysconfdir>/init.d/gfsd
(or <sysconfdir>/rc.d/gfsd, according to operating system).

Finally, 'config-gfsd' displays a command line of 'gfhost' that would
be executed by an administrator in Gfarm file system.

Ask the administrator to execute the displayed text.

  The administrator should execute the gfhost command as a global user
  specified by config-gfarm command on the metadata server host.  In
  case of the shared secret authentication, it is a local account of
  the same name or mapped by a user mapfile.  In case of GSI, use a
  user certificate specified by the -D option of config-gfarm.

	$ /usr/bin/gfhost -c -a i386-fedora5-linux -p 600 -n 2 node1.example.org

  In case of GSI, add a service certificate of the gfsd in
  /etc/grid-security/grid-mapfile of a metadata server in the
  following format.  '@host@' is a fixed string.  It cannot be
  changed.
  Please note that the "CN=" part of the distinguished name
  must be "gfsd/<HOSTNAME_OF_THE_FILESYSTEM_NODE>" format.  For example,
  it must be "CN=gfsd/linux-1.example.com" for a file system node
  "linux-1.example.com".

	"Subject DN of gfsd server cert" @host@ FQDN

  In case of the shared secret authentication, and if account names
  of Gfarm users on the operating system are different from
  names of Gfarm global users, the 'local_user_map' directive setting
  in gfarm2.conf file is needed.

Start gfsd by the root user.

  Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 or later:
	# systemctl start gfsd.service

  Others:
	# /etc/init.d/gfsd start

You can check whether the gfsd is running or not by the following
command execution;

  Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 or later:
	# systemctl status gfsd.service

  Others:
	# /etc/init.d/gfsd status

For the automatic startup during the boot process, type the following
command.

  Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 or later:
	# systemctl enable gfsd.service

  Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 or earlier:
	# chkconfig --add gfsd

  Debian:
	# update-rc.d gfsd defaults

If you would like to remove all files generated by config-gfsd,
please use <sysconfdir>/unconfig-gfsd.sh.

	# /etc/unconfig-gfsd.sh

This command asks confirmation as follows:

	Do you run unconfiguration? [y/n]:

If you answer "y", the gfsd daemon will be stopped, and generated
configuration files will be removed.  Also, all Gfarm file system data
on this file system node will be removed.

Finally, 'unconfig-gfsd.sh' displays a command line of 'gfhost'
that would be executed by an administrator in Gfarm file system.
Execute the displayed text by the user who executed the "gfhost -c"
command above.  An example of the commmand is the following:

	$ /usr/bin/gfhost -d node1.example.org

What the unconfig-gfsd.sh command does can be seen by specifying -t option
to the unconfig-gfsd.sh command before actually removing the files.

Configuration of a Gfarm client node
====================================

Copy /etc/gfarm2.conf from the metadata server to the client node.

  This setting can be substituted for copying to ~/.gfarm2rc.

In case of the shared secret authentication:

   if users' home directories are shared among metadata servers
   and file system nodes:
      there is nothing to do.

   If not:
      run the "gfkey -f -p <expiration_time_by_second>" command by
      the each user's privilege which correspond to Gfarm global
      users.  The command creates ".gfarm_shared_key" file in
      each user's home directory.  Then copy the file to each user's
      home directory on all metadata servers, all file system nodes,
      and all client nodes.
      Make sure that the mode of the ".gfarm_shared_key" file is '0600',
      and the owner of the file is each user.
      Because the key will be void after the <expiration_time_by_second>
      have passed, you must redo the key generation and the copy before
      the expiration.

   If account names of Gfarm users on the operating system are different
   from names of Gfarm global users, the 'local_user_map' directive setting
   in gfarm2.conf file is needed.

In case of GSI:
   obtain the user certificate, and ask to add your entry
   into grid-mapfile of all file system nodes and all metadata servers.

Testing of the Gfarm file system
================================

You can check whether the Gfarm file system works or not using any client,
since it can be accessed (or shared) by every client node.

o gfls - directory listing

'gfls' lists the contents of a directory.

	$ gfls -la
	drwxrwxr-x gfarmadm gfarmadm          4 Aug 23 06:33 .
	drwxrwxr-x gfarmadm gfarmadm          4 Aug 23 06:33 ..
	drwxr-xr-x tatebe   gfarmadm          0 Aug 22 16:08 tmp

o gfhost - file system node information

'gfhost -M' displays the information for file system nodes registered
with the metadata server.

	$ gfhost -M
	i386-fedora3-linux 2 linux-1.example.com 600 0
	i386-fedora3-linux 2 linux-2.example.com 600 0
	i386-fedora3-linux 2 linux-3.example.com 600 0
	i386-redhat8.0-linux 1 linux-4.example.com 600 0
	sparc-sun-solaris8 1 solaris-1.example.com 600 0
	sparc-sun-solaris8 1 solaris-2.example.com 600 0
	...

'gfhost -l' displays the status of the file system nodes.

	$ gfhost -l
	0.01/0.03/0.03 s i386-fedora3-linux 2 linux-1.example.com 600 0(10.0.0.1)
	0.00/0.00/0.00 s i386-fedora3-linux 2 linux-2.example.com 600 0(10.0.0.2)
	-.--/-.--/-.-- - i386-fedora3-linux 2 linux-3.example.com 600 0(10.0.0.3)
	0.00/0.02/0.00 x i386-redhat8.0-linux 1 linux-4.example.com 600 0(10.0.0.4)
	0.10/0.00/0.00 G sparc-sun-solaris8 1 solaris-1.example.com 600 0(10.0.1.1)
	x.xx/x.xx/x.xx - sparc-sun-solaris8 1 solaris-2.example.com 600 0(10.0.1.2)
	...

The second field shows the status of authentication with the file system
node.  's', 'g', and 'G' show successful authentication, while 'x'
shows an authentication failure.

'-.--/-.--/-.--' in the first field shows that gfsd has not executed
correctly, and 'x.xx/x.xx/x.xx' shows the file system node is probably
down.

o gfdf - storage capacity

'gfdf' displays capacity of each file system node and the total
capacity.

	$ gfdf
	   1K-blocks        Used       Avail Use% Host
	  1824815008      213068  1824601940   0% linux-1.example.com
	  6835798016    71836400  6763961616   1% linux-2.example.com
	  1669232308    44224088  1625008220   3% solaris-1.example.com
	-----------------------------------------
	 10329845332   116273556 10213571776   1%

For details of the above Gfarm commands, refer to the respective man page.

User registration
=================

Every user needs to be registered to access Gfarm file system as
a Gfarm global user.

  The Gfarm global users include normal users, users with Gfarm
  administrative privilege, and users with gfarmroot privilege.

  The Gfarm administrative privilege is the privilege to create/modify/
  delete Gfarm global users, groups, metadata servers, and file system nodes.
  The members of the "gfarmadm" group which is stored in the metadata server
  have this privilege.

  The gfarmroot privilege is the privilege to access all directories
  and all data in a Gfarm file system.
  The members of the "gfarmroot" group which is stored in the metadata server
  have this privilege.

  A Gfarm administrator specified by the -A option of the config-gfarm
  command is automatically registered as a Gfarm global user which has
  the Gfarm administrative privilege.
  Thus, it not necessary to register the user by the gfuser command.

For user registration, execute gfuser command.
This requires the Gfarm administrative privilege;

	$ gfuser -c global_username realname homedir gsi_dn

'global_username' is a global user name in Gfarm file system.
'realname' is a name to identify the user.  'homedir' is a home
directory in Gfarm.  'gsi_dn' is a subject DN of a user certificate
used in GSI authentication.

  'homedir' is not used for now.

When 'realname' includes a space, it is necessary to quote.  The
following example registers a global user 'foo';

	$ gfuser -c foo "foo bar" /home/foo ""

Next, it is necessary to create a home directory for the user.
This should be done by a user which have the gfarmroot privilege.
Because there is no user which has the gfarmroot privilege by default,
it's necessary to add the privilege by the gfgroup command
described in the next section, before invoking the following commands.

In the case of the above "gfuser -c" example, run the following commands.

	$ gfmkdir -p /home/foo
	$ gfchown foo /home/foo

In case of the shared secret authentication, create a user account on
all metadata servers and all file system nodes and all client nodes.
Don't forget to create the account of the administrator which is
specified by the -A option of the config-gfarm command.
Also, you have to create a shared secret key for all global users
including users with administrative privilege and gfarmroot privilege,
and copy the key to the home directory on all metadata servers,
all file system nodes and all client nodes.
Please read "Configuration of a Gfarm client node" section above
about the detail of the key creation and distribution.

In case of GSI, register user's distinguished name to the grid-mapfile
that maps to nobody user on all metadata servers and all file system
nodes.

Gfarm administrative privilege and gfarmroot privilege
======================================================

This section describes how to grant the Gfarm administrative privilege
and the gfarmroot privilege to Gfarm global users.
This operation requires the Gfarm administrative privilege.

When the Gfarm file system is freshly set up, the Gfarm administrative
privilege is granted to the administrator specified by the -A option
of the config-gfarm command.

The members of the "gfarmadm" group have the Gfarm administrative privilege.
The following displays the members.

	$ gfgroup -l gfarmadm

To add the members, use 'gfgroup -ma' command.

	$ gfgroup -ma gfarmadm user1 user2 ...

The member of the "gfarmroot" group have the gfarmroot privilege.

	$ gfgroup -ma gfarmroot user1 user2 ...

The gfarmroot privilege is not granted to any user by default.

Examples of basic functionality
===============================

o File copy

Files can be copied into the Gfarm file system by the 'gfreg' command.

	$ gfreg .gfarmrc foo

This example shows that a local file .gfarmrc is copied to foo, more
exactly /foo, in the Gfarm file system.

o File access

Files in the Gfarm file system can be accessed by the 'gfexport'
command.

	$ gfexport foo

This example displays the content of foo in the Gfarm file system to
the standard output.

o mount

By installing the 'gfarm2fs' command, it is possible to mount the
Gfarm file system.

	$ mkdir /tmp/foo
	$ gfarm2fs /tmp/foo

After mounting the Gfarm file system, any file system access can be
available by usual commands.  To unmount it, use the 'fusermount' with
the -u option.

	$ fusermonut -u /tmp/foo

For details, refer to documents in the gfarm2fs package.

Further examples of advanced functionality
==========================================

o File replica creation

Each file in the Gfarm file system can have several file copies that
can be stored on two and more file system nodes.

Multiple file copies of a file enable access to the file even when one
of the file system nodes is down.  Moreover, it prevents access
performance deterioration by accessing different file copies.

The 'gfwhere' command displays the location of file copies, or a replica
catalog, of the specified files.

	$ gfwhere .bashrc
	linux-1.example.com

The 'gfrep' command creates file copies.

	$ gfrep -N 2 .bashrc
	$ gfwhere .bashrc
	linux-1.example.com linux-2.example.com

In this case, '.bashrc' has two copies; one is stored on
linux-1.example.com and the other is stored on linux-2.example.com.

o Automatic file replica creation

If you would like to create two file replicas for all files, specify
the number at the root directory by the gfncopy command.

	$ gfncopy -s 2 /

File replicas will be created after the close operation when the file
is created, or updated.  When a file system node is down, required
number of file repilcas are automatically created after an interval
specified by replica_check_host_down_tresh.  Default interval is 3
hours.
