# openMSX Console Command Reference

1. Introduction
2. Commands
   1. after
   2. bind / unbind / bind_default / unbind_default / activate_input_layer / deactivate_input_layer
   3. cart / cart<x>
   4. cassetteplayer
   5. cd<x>
   6. cycle / cycle_back
   7. debug
   8. disk<x> / virtual_drive
   9. diskmanipulator
   10. escape_grab
   11. exit
   12. ext / ext<x>
   13. filepool
   14. findcheat
   15. hd<x>
   16. help
   17. incr
   18. iomap
   19. keymatrixdown / keymatrixup
   20. laserdiscplayer
   21. list_extensions
   22. load_settings
   23. machine
   24. create_machine / load_machine / activate_machine / list_machines / delete_machine
   25. machine_info
   26. message
   27. monitor_type
   28. mute_channels / unmute_channels / solo
   29. nowind<x>
   30. openmsx_info
   31. openmsx_update
   32. osd
   33. palette
   34. plug / unplug
   35. psg_profile
   36. record
   37. record_channels
   38. remove_extension
   39. reset
   40. reverse
   41. save_settings
   42. savestate / loadstate / list_savestates / delete_savestate
   43. screenshot
   44. set
   45. slotmap
   46. slotselect
   47. soundlog
   48. store_machine / restore_machine
   49. test_machine
   50. toggle
   51. trainer
   52. type / type_via_keyboard
   53. unset
   54. user_setting
   55. vdpregs
   56. other
3. Settings
   1. accuracy
   2. audio-inputfilename
   3. autoruncassettes
   4. autorunlaserdisc
   5. auto_enable_reverse
   6. auto_save_replay
   7. blur
   8. bootsector
   9. brightness
   10. cmdtiming
   11. color_matrix
   12. console
   13. contrast
   14. cputrace
   15. debugoutput
   16. default_machine
   17. deflicker
   18. deinterlace
   19. DirAsDSKmode
   20. disablesprites
   21. display_deform
   22. di_halt_callback
   23. enable_session_management
   24. fastforward
   25. fastforwardspeed
   26. frequency
   27. firmwareswitch
   28. fullscreen
   29. fullspeedwhenloading
   30. gamma
   31. glow
   32. grabinput
   33. horizontal_stretch
   34. inputdelay
   35. interleave_black_frame
   36. invalid_ppi_mode_callback
   37. invalid_psg_directions_callback
   38. msxjoystick<n>_config/joymega<n>_config
   39. joystick<n>_deadzone
   40. kbd_auto_toggle_code_kana_lock
   41. kbd_code_kana_host_key
   42. kbd_deadkey1_host_key
   43. kbd_deadkey2_host_key
   44. kbd_deadkey3_host_key
   45. kbd_mapping_mode
   46. kbd_numkeypad_always_enabled
   47. kbd_numkeypad_enter_key
   48. kbd_trace_key_presses
   49. led_<name>
   50. limitsprites
   51. master_volume
   52. maxframeskip
   53. midi-in-readfilename
   54. midi-out-logfilename
   55. minframeskip
   56. mode
   57. mute
   58. noise
   59. pause
   60. pause_on_lost_focus
   61. pointer_hide_delay
   62. power
   63. printerlogfilename
   64. print-resolution
   65. PSG_detune_frequency
   66. PSG_detune_percent
   67. PSG_vibrato_frequency
   68. PSG_vibrato_percent
   69. r800_freq / r800_freq_locked
   70. renderer
   71. renshaturbo
   72. resampler
   73. rs232-inputfilename
   74. rs232-outputfilename
   75. rs232-net-address
   76. rs232-net-ip232
   77. rtcmode
   78. samples
   79. save_settings_on_exit
   80. scale_algorithm
   81. scale_factor
   82. scanline
   83. sound_driver
   84. speed
   85. <soundchip>_balance
   86. <soundchip>_ch<channel>_record
   87. <soundchip>_ch<channel>_mute
   88. <soundchip>_volume
   89. throttle
   90. too_fast_vram_access
   91. too_fast_vram_access_callback
   92. touchpad_transform_matrix
   93. turborpause
   94. umr_callback
   95. vdpcmdinprogress_callback
   96. vdpcmdtrace
   97. videosource
   98. vsync
   99. v9990cmdtrace
   100. z80_freq / z80_freq_locked
   101. other

## Introduction

This manual describes all commands and settings which are available in openMSX. You can use them to control openMSX fully from the Console (a built in command line interface, use F10 to call it), via Tcl scripts and via remote connections (explained in Controlling openMSX from External Applications). If you want to unleash the full potential of openMSX or just want a reference of all available possibilities, this manual should serve you well.

## Commands

### after

Execute a command after a certain event occurs, for example a given amount of time has passed or the emulator has been idle for a given amount of time. Every postponed command executes just once; if you want a command to run periodically, you have to issue it again every time it runs. The `after` command returns the id of the postponed command. It is possible to query a list of postponed commands and also to cancel postponed commands.

usage:

`after time <seconds> <command>` | Execute a command after some time. Timescale is in MSX seconds.
`after realtime <seconds> <command>` | Execute a command after some time. Timescale is in host seconds.
`after idle <seconds> <command>` | Execute a command after some time being idle
`after frame <command>` | Execute a command when a video frame is finished (VDP scanning reaches vsync)
`after break <command>` | Execute a command after a breakpoint is reached
`after boot <command>` | Execute a command after a (re)boot
`after machine_switch <command>` | Execute a command after switch to new a machine
`after <input-event> <command>` | Execute a command after the given input event occurs. The events are e.g. mouse, joystick, focus and resize events, the same ones as for the bind command.
`after info` | List all postponed commands
`after cancel <id>` | Cancel the postponed command with given id

examples:
`after time 2.6 "set renderer SDLGL-PP"`
`after idle 100 exit`
`after info`
`after cancel after#2`
`after "mouse button1 down" foo`

### bind / unbind / bind_default / unbind_default / activate_input_layer / deactivate_input_layer

Associate events (such as key presses) with commands. Whenever the specified event occurs (e.g. you press the specified key), the corresponding command will be executed. Any Tcl command or combination of commands separated with `;` (normal Tcl syntax) can be used. To customize your bindings you should use the (un)bind commands. A script that wants to provide a default binding for its functionality needs to use `bind_default`, this allows users with different preferences to overrule the default bindings. Using the `-repeat` option makes sure that if the event is repeated (e.g. keyboard events when keeping a key pressed), the command is repeated as well.

Tcl scripts that need a whole set of bindings and only conditionally activate those bindings can use the 'input layer' system. It's possible to associate a binding with a specific layer and later specific layer(s) can be activated or deactivated. Such a layer can also be activated in a blocking mode. Blocking mode means that even if the layer didn't have a binding for a certain event, that event is still not passed to the emulated MSX. This can be useful to implement certain OSD widgets (like a virtual OSD keyboard).

Events can be:

`<key>[,release]` | Short for `keyb <key>[,release]`
`keyb <key>[,release]` | <key> is pressed [or released]
`mouse button<n> <up/down>` | Mouse button <n> went up or down
`mouse motion <x> <y>` | Mouse motion of <x> and <y>
`joy<n> button<m> <up/down>` | Button <m> of joystick <n> went up/down
`joy<n> axis<m> <value>` | Axis <m> of joystick <n> got value <value>
`focus <boolean>` | The openMSX window got (1) or lost (0) focus
`OSDcontrol <button> PRESS|RELEASE` | The virtual OSDcontrol <button> got pressed or released.

usage:

`bind` | Show all bindings
`bind -layer <layername>` | Show all in a specific layer
`bind <event> [-layer <layername>]` | Show binding for the given event, optionally you can specify a layer
`bind <event> [-layer <layername>] [-repeat] <command>` | Make a new binding. Optionally make this binding in a specific layer. Also optionally it's possible to retrigger this binding periodically (e.g. when a key is kept pressed).
`bind -layers` | Show the names of all layers that currently have bindings
`unbind [-layer <layername>] <event>` | Undo binding for this event (optionally in a specific layer).
`unbind -layer <layername>` | Undo all bindings in the specified layer
`activate_input_layer` | Show a list of the currently active layers.
`activate_input_layer [-blocking] <layername>` | Activate the specified input layer, optionally this layer can be activate in blocking mode.
`deactivate_input_layer <layername>` | Deactivate the specified input layer.

examples:
`bind PAGEUP "set speed 100"`
`bind PAGEDOWN "set speed 50"`
Only run in fastforward-mode while F9 is pressed (like BrMSX):
`unbind F9`
`bind F9 "set fastforward on"`
`bind F9,release "set fastforward off"`
Pause when window loses focus (like fMSX):
`bind "focus 0" "set pause on"`
`bind "focus 1" "set pause off"`
Middle-click to toggle input grabbing:
`bind "mouse button2 down" "toggle grabinput"`
Map button 8 of joystick 1 to F2-key:
`bind "joy1 button8 down" "keymatrixdown 6 0x40"`
`bind "joy1 button8 up" "keymatrixup 6 0x40"`
Use PageUp/Down to increase/decrease emulation speed.
`bind PAGEUP -repeat "incr speed 1"`
`bind PAGEDOWN -repeat "incr speed -1"`
Use Joystick hat left/right to increase/decrease volume.
`bind "joy1 hat0 left" -repeat "incr speed -5"`
`bind "joy1 hat0 right" -repeat "incr speed 5"`
Toggle fullscreen with ALT and ENTER.
`bind ALT+RETURN "toggle fullscreen"`
React to joystick or cursor up movement in a Tcl script:
`bind_default "OSDcontrol UP PRESS" -repeat {osd_menu::menu_action UP }`
React to joystick button 1 or spacebar press in a Tcl script:
`bind_default "OSDcontrol A PRESS" -repeat {osd_menu::menu_action A }`

### cart / cart<x>

Insert a ROM cartridge in a running MSX. The `cart` command inserts the cartridge in the first available slot. The `carta`, `cartb` etc. commands insert it in the specified slot. The cartridges can be removed again with the `eject` subcommand.

ROM cartridges are a special class of extensions. For extensions that are not ROM cartridges, see the commands `ext`, `list_extensions` and `remove_extension`.

usage:

`cart KMARE.ROM` | Insert ROM cartridge in first free slot
`cart insert KMARE.ROM` | Insert ROM cartridge in first free slot
`carta USAS.ROM -ips USAS.IPS` | Insert ROM cartridge in slot A, with IPS patch applied to the ROM contents
`cartb NEMESIS.ROM -romtype Konami` | Insert ROM cartridge in slot B, and explicitly specify the mapper type (is normally auto detected)
`carta eject` | Eject the currently inserted cartridge from slot A

### cassetteplayer

Controls the openMSX cassette player. The various subcommands can be used to insert, remove, create and rewind tape images.

usage:

`cassetteplayer insert <tape image>` | Insert tape image (WAV or CAS format) in the cassette player
`cassetteplayer eject` | Remove tape from virtual cassette player
`cassetteplayer rewind` | Rewind the current tape
`cassetteplayer motorcontrol on|off` | Selects whether motor control signal (remote) is obeyed (default: on)
`cassetteplayer new [<tape image>]` | Create new tape image and go to record mode
`cassetteplayer play` | Go to play mode (when in record mode) and rewind the tape

### cd<x>

Change the CDROM image. The commands `cda`, `cdb` etc. are assigned to all available CDROM drives in the MSX. They will not correspond to drive names as used in MSX-DOS.

usage:

`cda <iso image>` | Use ISO image for CDROM drive "cda"
`cda insert <iso image>` | Use ISO image for CDROM drive "cda"
`cda eject` | Eject CDROM from CDROM drive "cda"
`cda` | Show current ISO image for CDROM drive "cda"

### cycle / cycle_back

Iterates through the values of an enumerated setting.

`cycle_back` does the same as `cycle`, but it goes in the opposite direction.

usage:

`cycle <setting>` | Changes the specified setting to the next value in the cycle
`cycle_back <setting>` | Changes the specified setting to the previous value in the cycle

examples:
`cycle scale_algorithm`
`cycle videosource`

### debug

This command provides access to the debugger functionality of openMSX. It's meant to be used by an external debugger (see also Controlling openMSX from External Applications). The general format of the debug command is:

`debug <subcommand> [<extra arguments>]`

where 'extra arguments' are specific for each subcommand. Below is a list of all subcommands:

`debug list` | Return a list of all debuggables. A debuggable is (part of) the state of an MSX device that can be accessed via these debug commands. Examples are: the VDP registers the currently visible memory for the Z80 the contents of the RAM
`debug desc <name>` | Return a description of this debuggable
`debug size <name>` | Return the size of this debuggable
`debug read <name> <addr>` | Read a byte from a debuggable
`debug write <name> <addr> <val>` | Write a byte to a debuggable
`debug read_block <name> <addr> <size>` | Read a whole block at once
`debug write_block <name> <addr> <values>` | Write a whole block at once
`debug probe <subcommand>` | See below.
`debug break` | Break CPU at current position
`debug breaked` | Query CPU break status
`debug cont` | Continue execution after break
`debug step` | Execute one instruction
`debug list_bp` | List the active breakpoints
`debug set_bp [-once] <addr> [<cond>] [<cmd>]` | Insert a new breakpoint at the given address. Optionally you can specify a condition and a command. When the CPU is about to execute the instruction at the given address, the condition will be evaluated, if this evaluates to true then the command is executed. The condition can be any Tcl expression and the command can be any Tcl command. The default condition is 'true' and the default command is `"debug break"`. If the `-once` flag is passed, the breakpoint is automatically removed after it triggered. In other words: it will only trigger once.
`debug remove_bp <id>` | Remove a certain breakpoint
`debug list_watchpoints` | List all defined watchpoints
`debug set_watchpoint [-once] <type> <region> [<cond>] [<cmd>]` | Insert a new watchpoint. When the CPU is about to read or write to/from the specified memory or I/O region, the condition is evaluated. If the condition evaluated to true, the command is executed. The -once flag, the condition and the command are similar to the ones in the `set_bp` subcommand. A watchpoint can either be set on a single memory address or I/O port (specify a single value), or on a whole memory or I/O port range (specify a begin/end pair). For example: `debug set_watchpoint write_mem {0x8000 0x8FFF}`. During the execution of `<cmd>`, the following global Tcl variables are set: `::wp_last_address`, which is the actual address of the mem/io read/write that triggered the watchpoint and `::wp_last_value`, the actual value that was written by the mem/io write that triggered the watchpoint.
`debug remove_watchpoint <id>` | Remove a certain watchpoint
`debug list_conditions` | List the active conditions
`debug set_condition [-once] <cond> [<cmd>]` | Set a new debugger condition. Conditions are like breakpoints, but not tied to a specific address. Simulation is much slower when conditions are used (though generally while debugging this is not a problem).
`debug remove_condition <id>` | Remove a certain condition
`debug disasm [<addr>]` | Disassemble instructions at PC or given address

The probe subcommand again has subcommands:

`debug probe list` | Returns a list of all probes.
`debug probe desc <probe>` | Returns a description of this probe.
`debug probe read <probe>` | Returns the current value of a probe. But note that not all probes have a value
`debug probe set_bp [-once] <probe> [<cond>] [<cmd>]` | Set a breakpoint on a probe. Like in the 'set_bp' subcommand you can optionally specify a condition and a command.
`debug probe remove_bp <id>` | Remove the given breakpoint.
`debug probe list_bp` | List the active breakpoints set on probes.

At first sight 'probes' and 'debuggables' are very similar. Though there are some important differences and that's why probes and debuggables use different subcommands:

A debuggable is an array of bytes. | A probe is a single value and can have any type.
A debuggable is readable and (usually) writable. | A probe is always read-only.
It's not possible to set breakpoints on a debuggable. | You can set breakpoints on a probe (and sometimes this is the only purpose of a probe).

Many examples of usage of the debug command can be found in the scripts that come with openMSX (in the `share/scripts` directory). We also list a few here.

examples:

- break (only!) after 0 is written to 0x8000):
  `debug set_watchpoint write_mem 0x8000 {[debug read "memory" 0x8000] == 0x00}`
- break on address 0xF37D, but only when Z80 register C has the value 0x2F:
  `debug set_bp 0xF37D {[reg C] == 0x2F}`
- break when CPU reads from any addresses between 0xFBE5 and 0xFBEF:
  `debug set_watchpoint read_mem {0xFBE5 0xFBEF}`
- break after a write was done to I/O port 0x99, but only when Z80 register A has a value of 0x81:
  `debug set_watchpoint write_io 0x99 {[reg A] == 0x81}`
- break as soon as there is a pending Z80 IRQ (even when in DI mode):
  `debug probe set_bp z80.pendingIRQ`
- break when register HL has the value 1234:
  `debug set_condition {[reg hl] == 1234}`

Note: Some of the commands are pretty low level. In the share/scripts directory you'll find some Tcl scripts that offer convenience wrappers around these commands. For example: `showmem`, `disasm`, `cpuregs`, `save_debuggable`, etc.

### disk<x> / virtual_drive

Insert a disk image in a drive. Optionally apply an IPS patch to the disk image. The commands `diska`, `diskb` etc. are assigned to all available "physical" disk drives in the MSX. They might not correspond to drive names as used in MSX-DOS.

In addition to the physical `disk<x>` drives, there is the `virtual_drive`. This fake drive does not correspond to any MSX hardware. It can be used as a source or target for `diskmanipulator` operations just like physical drives.

usage:

`diska <disk image>` | Insert disk image in drive "diska"
`diskb insert <disk image>` | Insert disk image in drive "diskb"
`diska <disk image> <ips>` | Insert disk image and apply IPS patch
`diska eject` | Remove disk from drive "diska"
`diska ramdsk` | Insert scratch disk in drive "diska"

### diskmanipulator

A collection of commands to manipulate (the files on) a disk image.

It can be used in so many different ways, that we wrote a separate manual for it: Using Diskmanipulator.

### escape_grab

Only has effect in windowed mode and when the `grabinput` setting is active. Temporarily release the input grab. After the openMSX window has lost and regained the focus, the grab is again effective.

usage:

`escape_grab` | Temporarily release the input grab

### exit

Terminate the openMSX application. Optionally you can pass an exit-code.

usage:

`exit [exit-code]` | Exits the emulator

### ext / ext<x>

Insert an MSX extension in a running MSX machine. The `ext` command inserts the extension in the first available slot. The `exta`, `extb` etc. commands insert it in the specified slot. The extension can be removed again with the `remove_extension` command. See also the commands `cart`, `list_extensions` and `remove_extension`.

To get a list of possible extensions it's convenient to use the tab-completion feature, i.e. type '`ext<space><tab>`'. Alternatively the command '`openmsx_info extensions`' gives you the same information (and is easier to use in a scripting context).

Note that some extensions (i.e. those without any memory) will not physically occupy any slot when inserted, even when they were inserted in a specific slot.

usage:

`ext fmpac` | Insert an FMPAC in a running MSX machine in the first free slot
`extb scc` | Insert the empty SCC cart in slot B of the running MSX machine

### filepool

With this command you can manage your file pool settings. File pools are directories on your host system (PC/Mac/Dingoo/etc.). They are used by openMSX to search files in, which are referred to from machine or extension definition files, save states or replays which you are trying to load. First, the file will be searched at the path that was also used when the save state or replay was created. But if it isn't found there (which is usually the case if you load such a state or replay you got from someone else), it will use the file pools to search instead. In other words, if you are trying to load such replays, it's probably a good idea to put the media files referred to (ROMs, disks, tapes) in the (proper) file pool.

File pools have the following properties:

path
  The path to the directory which is the actual file pool
position
  There exists a list of file pools, which are searched in order of their position.
type(s)
  A file pool can serve specific types. Currently, the valid types are
  `system_rom`
    for system ROMs, you are probably using this one already if you installed your system ROMs in the recommended place `share/systemroms`,
  `rom`
    for other ROM files,
  `disk`
    for disk images and
  `tape`
    for cassette/tape images.

Apart from the default system ROM file pool as mentioned above, the other default file pool is `share/software`, which is configured for all other (than type `system_rom`) software files.

usage:

`filepool list` | Shows the currently defined file pool entries (see below for example output)
`filepool add -path <path> -types <typelist> [-position <pos>]` | Add a new entry with the given properties as explained above. For the types, use a format like `"rom tape disk"`. Optionally, you can also specify where in the list of existing file pools the new file pool should be added. By default, this is at the end.
`filepool remove <position>` | Remove the file pool at the given position
`filepool reset` | Reset the file pool settings to the default values

An example of the default file pools for a Windows 7 system with user Quibus:

    1: C:/Users/Quibus/Documents/openMSX/share/systemroms  [system_rom]
    2: C:/Users/Quibus/Documents/openMSX/share/software  [rom disk tape]
    3: C:/Program Files/openMSX/share/systemroms  [system_rom]
    4: C:/Program Files/openMSX/share/software  [rom disk tape]

The first one is the system ROMs dir in the user's home directory. The second is the software file pool for other software in the user's home directory. The last two are similar, but then on system level. On a UNIX like system, you get something very similar.

### findcheat

This is a tool to find new cheats, for example for a certain game it can help you find the memory location where the number of remaining lives is stored. These cheats can later be added to the `trainer` command.

It works more or less like this:

1. Initialize the `findcheat` tool, this takes an initial snapshot of the MSX memory.
2. Perform some action in the game that changes the variable that you're interested in. For example if you want to find the memory location where the number of lives is stored, you have to loose (or gain) a life in the game.
3. Now use the `findcheat` tool to compare the current MSX memory state with the previous memory snapshot. `findcheat` offers a lot of possibilities here, for example you can search for memory locations that became bigger or smaller or locations whose value changed or didn't change.
4. `findcheat` will show a list of memory locations that still match the search criteria.
5. If there still are still too many matches, repeat from step 2.

Vampier made a video tutorial on how to use `findcheat`, you can find it here.

### hd<x>

Change the hard disk image. The commands `hda`, `hdb` etc. are assigned to all available hard disk drives in the MSX. They will not correspond to drive names as used in MSX-DOS.

usage:

`hda <disk image>` | Use hard disk image for hard disk "hda"
`hda insert <disk image>` | Use hard disk image for hard disk "hda"
`hda` | Show current hard disk image for hard disk "hda"

Note: Because of disk caching, changing the hard disk when the MSX is running can lead to corruption of the hard disk contents. Therefore openMSX blocks the `hd<x>` commands unless the MSX is powered off. See `power` setting.

### help

Shows help info for console commands.

usage:

`help` | Shows a list of all possible commands
`help <command>` | Shows help info for a specific command
`help <command> <subcommand>` | Some commands have more detailed help on subcommands

### incr

Increment an integer setting.

usage:

`incr <setting>` | Increment the specified setting by one
`incr <setting> <num>` | Increment the specified setting by the given amount (can be negative)

examples:
`incr speed`
`incr renshaturbo 10`
`incr scanline -5`

### iomap

Shows what I/O ports are connected to which devices. The related command `slotmap` shows a similar overview, but for memory-mapped devices.

usage:

`iomap` | Shows the I/O map of the current MSX machine

### keymatrixdown / keymatrixup

Press or release keys in the MSX keyboard matrix. Can be used to make an external program or Tcl script press MSX keys. For some more information about the keymatrix, you could read the article on the MAP.

usage:

`keymatrixdown <row> <mask>` | Press the indicated MSX keys
`keymatrixup <row> <mask>` | Release the indicated MSX keys

examples:
`keymatrixdown 6 0x01`
`keymatrixup 6 0x01`

### laserdiscplayer

Controls the Laserdisc player; a Laserdisc can be inserted or ejected. When a real Laserdisc player is connected to an MSX, no other controls are available either.

Note that this command is only available when the Pioneer PX-7 or Pioneer PX-V60 MSX machine is being emulated

usage:

`laserdiscplayer insert <filename>` | Inserts the specified file into the virtual laserdisc player.
`laserdiscplayer eject` | Ejects the laserdisc from the virtual laserdisc player; this emulates pressing the eject button on a real Laserdisc Player.

### list_extensions

Returns a list of inserted cartridges and extensions. These can be removed with the `remove_extension` command or additional items can be added with the `cart` and `ext` commands.

usage:

`list_extensions` | Lists all currently inserted cartridges and extensions

### load_settings

Load settings from a given settings XML file. The settings file does not have to be complete: settings that are not mentioned in the given file are left untouched. See also `save_settings`.

usage:

`load_settings <filename>` | Load settings from the given file

### machine

Switch to a new MSX machine.

usage:

`machine` | Returns the handle for the currently active machine
`machine <machine name>` | Switch to the specified machine, also returns the handle for that machine

Note: The machine handle is mostly used by external applications controlling openMSX (see also Controlling openMSX from External Applications). For interactive use you can omit the machine handle to have the commands operate on the current machine.

### create_machine / load_machine / activate_machine / list_machines / delete_machine

openMSX has the possibility to have multiple MSX machines concurrently in memory. This is more or less like multiple tabs in a web browser: you only work with one at-a-time, but you can have multiple open at the same time and easily switch between them. These commands are low level commands to manage this.

Some commands are specific per machine, for example if you insert a disk image into the disk drive of the emulated MSX machine and if you have multiple MSX machines, you need to specify in which MSX machine you want to insert the disk. To solve this, we introduced the concept of the 'active' MSX machine (this is also the machine that is visible and audible). All unqualified machine-specific command will act on the active machine. If you want to execute the command in a specific machine, you can qualify the command with a machineID prefix.

`diska <diskimage>` | execute the diska command in the active machine
`<machine-ID>::diska <diskimage>` | execute the diska command in the specified machine

#### `create_machine`:

This command returns a new machine-id. This machine-id can be used in the following commands. In the web browser analogy this command would open a new empty tab.

#### `load_machine`:

This command loads a machine configuration (= MSX model) into the given machine-ID. In the web browser analogy, this command would load a page in a previously created empty tab. And unlike a web browser, where you can reload a different page in the same tab, you can only load a machine configuration once in the same machine-ID.

#### `activate_machine`:

This command activates the given machine-ID. At any time there can only be one active machine-ID. This is analogue to switching tabs in a web browser.

#### `list_machines`:

Returns a list of all currently existing machine-IDs.

#### `delete_machine`:

Deletes the given machine-ID. This is analogue to closing a tab in a web browser.

#### examples:

`set oldID [machineID]` | get the current machineID
`set newID [create_machine]` | create a new machineID
`$newID::load_machine Philips_NMS_8250` | load an MSX2 configuration in that new machineID
`activate_machine $newID` | switch to the new machine
`activate_machine $oldID` | switch back to old machine
`delete_machine $newID` | delete new machine

If you don't care about multiple active machines, the `machine` command is much more convenient to switch to a different MSX configuration.

### machine_info

Shows information about a certain topic. This command is similar to the `openmsx_info` command. The topics of `machine_info` are all machine specific, while the topics of `openmsx_info` are generic.

usage:

`machine_info` | Shows a list of all possible topics
`machine_info <topic>` | Shows info on the given topic

### message

Show a message, with optional level (info, warning, error). By default this message will be shown in a colored box at the top of the screen for a (short) duration and then fade away.

usage:

`message <text> [<level>]`

examples:
`message "Hello world!"`
`message "Something bad happened" error`

### monitor_type

Select a monitor color profile.

usage:

`monitor_type` | Shows the currently selected color profile
`monitor_type -list` | Lists all available color profiles
`monitor_type <profile>` | Selects a new color profile

Note: This command is a convenience wrapper around the `color_matrix` setting.

### mute_channels / unmute_channels / solo

Mute or unmute specific individual channels of sound devices. The syntax is very similar to the `record_channels` command.

usage:

`mute_channels <device> [<channels>]] [<device> [<channels>]]` | Mute the specified channels of the specified device(s). If a device is given but no specific channels are specified, all channels of that device are muted. If no arguments are given at all, this command return a list of all currently muted channels.
`unmute_channels <device> [<channels>]] [<device> [<channels>]]` | Unmute the specified channels of the specified device(s). If a device is given but no specific channels are specified, all channels of that device are unmuted. If no arguments are given at all, this command unmutes all channels of all devices.
`solo <device> [<channels>]] [<device> [<channels>]]` | Mute all channels of all devices except for the specified channels.

examples:
`mute_channels`
`mute_channels PSG`
`mute_channels SCC 2,4`
`unmute_channels`
`unmute_channels PSG 1 SCC 1,3-4`
`solo PSG 3`

### nowind<x>

Similar to the `disk<x>` commands there is a `nowind<x>` command for each nowind interface. This command is modelled after the 'usbhost' command of the real nowind interface. Though only a subset of the options is supported. Here's a short overview of the command line options:

long | short | explanation
--- | --- | ---
--image | -i | specify disk image
--hdimage | -m | specify harddisk image
--romdisk | -j | enable romdisk
--ctrl | -c | no phantom disks
--no-ctrl | -C | enable phantom disks
--allow | -a | allow other diskroms to initialize
--no-allow | -A | don't allow other diskroms to initialize

If you don't pass any arguments to this command, you'll get an overview of the current nowind status.

This command will create a certain amount of drives on the nowind interface and (optionally) insert diskimages in those drives. For each of these drives there will also be a `nowind<x><1..8>` command created. Those commands are similar to e.g. the `diska` command. They can be used to access the more advanced diskimage insertion options.

In some cases it is needed to reboot the MSX before the changes take effect. In those cases you'll get a message that warns about this.

examples:

`nowinda -a image.dsk -j` | Image.dsk is inserted into drive A: and the romdisk will be drive B:. Other diskroms will be able to install drives as well. For example when the MSX has an internal diskdrive, drive C: en D: will be available as well.
`nowinda disk1.dsk disk2.dsk` | The two images will be inserted in A: and B: respectively.
`nowinda -m hdimage.dsk` | Inserts a harddisk image. All available partitions will be mounted as drives.
`nowinda -m hdimage.dsk:1` | Inserts the first partition only.
`nowinda -m hdimage.dsk:2-4` | Inserts the 2nd, 3th and 4th partition as drive A: B: and C:.

### openmsx_info

Shows information about a certain topic. For machine-specific topics, use the related command `machine_info`.

usage:

`openmsx_info` | Shows a list of all possible topics
`openmsx_info <topic>` | Shows info on the given topic

### openmsx_update

Enable or disable update notifications of a certain type. This command is intended for external programs controlling openMSX. More about this in Controlling openMSX from External Applications.

usage:

`openmsx_update enable <type>` | enable notifications for this type
`openmsx_update disable <type>` | disable notifications for this type

examples:
`openmsx_update enable led`
`openmsx_update disable setting`

### osd

openMSX has the possibility to show OSD (on screen display) elements. For example, the LEDs and the fps-indicator are implemented via OSD elements. This command allows to create new OSD elements, configure existing elements or delete elements.

This command is only useful if you plan to adjust or enhance the openMSX OSD, or create your own OSD widgets.

Execute "`help osd`" to get a detailed description of this command, which we will not repeat here.

### palette

Shows the current VDP palette settings. Related command: `vdpregs`.

usage:

`palette` | Show the currently active color palette

### plug / unplug

Plugs or unplugs a plug into a connector, for example plug a virtual joystick into a virtual joystick port.

usage:

`plug` | Shows all currently connected plugs
`plug <connector>` | Shows currently connected plug for the specified connector
`plug <connector> <plug>` | Plugs the specified plug into the specified connector
`unplug <connector>` | Unplugs the plug connected to the specified connector

examples:
`plug cassetteport cassetteplayer`
`plug joyporta mouse`
`plug printerport logger`
`unplug joyportb`

### psg_profile

Select a PSG sound profile.

usage:

`psg_profile` | Shows the currently selected sound profile
`psg_profile -list` | Lists all available sound profiles
`psg_profile <profile>` | Selects a new sound profile

Note: This command is a convenience wrapper around the `PSG_vibrato_frequency`, `PSG_vibrato_percent`, `PSG_detune_frequency` and `PSG_detune_percent` settings.

### record

Controls video recording: write openMSX audio/video to an AVI file.

usage:

`record start` | Record to file "openmsxNNNN.avi"
`record start <filename>` | Record to indicated file
`record start -prefix foo` | Record to file "fooNNNN.avi"
`record stop` | Stop recording
`record toggle` | Toggle recording

The `start` subcommand also accepts an optional `-audioonly`, `-videoonly`, `-doublesize` and a `-triplesize` flag. Videos are recorded in a 320×240 size by default, at 640×480 when the `-doublesize` flag is used and 960×720 when using the `-triplesize` flag. If only audio is recorded, the created file will be a WAV file instead of an AVI file.

If any stereo sound devices are present or any sound device has an off-center balance, the recording will be made in stereo, otherwise it will be mono. If a recording is made in mono and then a stereo sound device is added, you'll receive a warning that stereo sound has been detected and that the two channels will be mixed down to mono. You can prevent this from happening by using the `-stereo` option to force a stereo recording even if no stereo devices are present at the time you enter the command. You can also force a mono recording with `-mono` to save space.

The `soundlog` command is a shorthand for `record -audioonly`.

Use `record_chunks` if you want some extra options. You can control the maximum length (in seconds) to record and also set up multiple recordings of a certain length. This is very useful if you want to record for e.g. YouTube. The default length is 14:59 (to make sure YouTube will accept it). Using this command implies `-doublesize`.

Use `record_chunks_on_framerate_changes` if you want to split up the recording in several files, whenever the frame rate of the MSX changes. An AVI file cannot contain video of multiple frame rates, so sound and video will get out of sync if that happens without using this special version of the command. Do not specify the target filename with this variant, or openMSX will record all chunks to the same file.

### record_channels

A high level command to record individual channels of sound chips to separate files. In the following variants of the command you can specify devices and channels. Multiple devices can be specified and multiple channels as well. If you want to specify channels of a device, put them right after the device. You can also specify `all` for the device, which means that all sound devices in the currently running MSX will be recorded. When starting recording, an option `-prefix` can be given to specify a filename prefix.

usage:

`record_channels [start] <device> [<channels>] [<device> [<channels>]] [-prefix <prefix>]` | Start recording the specified channel(s) of the specified device(s). If no channels are given, all channels of the device are recorded.
`record_channels stop [<device> [<channels>]] [<device> [<channels>]]` | Stop recording the specified channel(s) of the specified device(s). If no channels are given, recording for all channels is stopped for the given device(s). If no devices are given, all channel recording is stopped.
`record_channels all -prefix justtesting` | Record all channels of all sound devices and create the file names with prefix 'justtesting' (e.g. to quickly delete all these files again).
`record_channels list` | Lists which channels of which sound chips are currently being recorded.

examples:
`record_channels start PSG`
`record_channels PSG`
`record_channels SCC 1,4-5`
`record_channels SCC PSG 1`
`record_channels "MSX Music" 7-9 SCC 3,5 PSG 2`
`record_channels stop`
`record_channels stop PSG`
`record_channels stop SCC 3,5`
`record_channels list`

### remove_extension

Remove a cartridge or extension from a running MSX machine. See also the commands `cart`, `ext`, `list_extensions`.

usage:

`remove_extension fmpac` | Removes the FMPAC extension from the running MSX

### reset

Emulates the pressing of the reset button on the MSX. This sends a reset pulse to all devices, but does not erase memory contents.

usage:

`reset` | Resets the current machine

### reverse

Controls the reverse feature. When this feature is enabled (the default), openMSX will collect data while emulating, which enables you to go back (and forward) in MSX time. In other words: you cannot use the commands to go back and forward in time, if you disable the feature.

usage:

`reverse start` | Start collecting data (enable the reverse feature).
`reverse stop` | Stop collecting data (disable reverse feature) and remove all collected data.
`reverse status` | Gives information about the reverse feature and the data it collected. Mostly useful for scripts.
`reverse goback <n>` | Go back <n> seconds in time. Of course, you cannot go back to a time before the time the `reverse start` command was given.
`reverse viewonlymode <on|off>` | Control the view only mode of the reverse feature. In view only mode, the replay will never get interrupted by any user actions that normally would interrupt the replay. Use this to safely view a replay without accidentally ruining it by touching a key.
`reverse goto <time>` | Go to the indicated absolute moment in MSX time (given in seconds). If the time is before the time openMSX started collecting data (with the `reverse start` command) openMSX will jump to the time when collecting started.
`reverse truncatereplay` | Stop replaying and wipe all replay data that is in the future (so after now). This is useful if you are hindered by the future events somehow, for instance when you are playing a game and jumped too early and therefore reversed. Be careful with this, as there is no way to recover this future. If you are at time 0, it means your whole replay will be gone after executing this command!
`reverse savereplay [<filename>]` | Save the collected data (an initial savestate and all collected input events) to a file.
`reverse loadreplay [-goto <begin|end|savetime|<n>>] [-viewonly] <filename>` | Load the replay from the given file and start it. Loads the initial snapshot and starts replaying the recorded events. Enables the reverse feature automatically. With the `-goto` option, you can specify where to jump to in the replay after loading (`begin` is default), where `savetime` is the time at which the replay was saved and `n` is an absolute time in seconds in the replay. The `-viewonly` option is a shortcut to put the reverse feature in viewonly mode directly after loading the replay. Without this option, it will always go to normal mode.

There are some extra helper commands to make the feature easier to use.

usage:

`go_back_one_step` / `go_forward_one_step` | Go back or forward one second (at normal speed) in time (if possible). These are used for the default PageUp and PageDown key bindings.
`reverse_prev [<min> [<max>]]` | Go back in time to the previous (internal) snapshot. The further back in the past the less dense the amount of snapshots are. So, executing this command multiple times, will take successively bigger steps in the past. You can optionally specify a minimal and maximal step size. You will at least go back the minimal amount of time (even if there's a snapshot closer to the current time) and at most the maximal amount of time (even if there's no snapshot within the maximum specified time from the current time).
`reverse_next [<min> [<max>]]` | As `reverse_prev` but then it goes to the closest snapshot in the future (if possible).

Because the reverse feature is very useful, it is automatically enabled via `auto_enable_reverse` setting.

### save_settings

Write the current openMSX settings to a settings XML file. See also `load_settings`.

If you disabled `save_settings_on_exit`, you can use this command to save your preferences.

usage:

`save_settings` | Save settings to the default settings file
`save_settings <filename>` | Save settings to the given file

### savestate / loadstate / list_savestates / delete_savestate

These commands can be used to manage savestates. These are much easier to use than the lowlevel `store_machine` and `restore_machine` commands.

#### `savestate [<name>]`

This creates a snapshot of the currently emulated MSX machine. Optionally you can specify a name for the savestate, if you omit this name, the default name `quicksave` will be taken.

#### `loadstate [<name>]`

This restores a previously created savestate. Like above you can specify a name which defaults to `quicksave` if omitted.

#### `list_savestates`

This returns the names of all previously created savestates.

#### `delete_savestate <name>`

Delete a previously created savestate.

### screenshot

Take a screenshot of the openMSX screen. By default this takes a screenshot of the 'scaled' MSX screen (see `scale_algorithm` setting) without OSD/GUI elements (e.g. console and icons). If you want to include the GUI and OSD elements pass the `-with-osd` option. If you want a screenshot of the 'unscaled' raw MSX screen, pass the `-raw` option. The screenshots are PNG files and (by default) are saved in the `screenshots` subdirectory of the openMSX data directory in your home directory. There's also an option `-no-sprites` to take a screenshot with sprite rendering disabled.

usage:

`screenshot [-with-osd] [-raw [-doublesize]] [-no-sprites] [-prefix <prefix>] [<filename>]`

examples:

`screenshot` | Write screenshot to file "openmsxNNNN.png"
`screenshot <filename>` | Write screenshot to indicated file
`screenshot -prefix foo` | Write screenshot to file "fooNNNN.png"
`screenshot -raw` | Create screenshot of the raw MSX screen only (so no icons or console and no scaling)
`screenshot -raw -doublesize` | Create screenshot of the raw MSX screen only, with resolution 640×480
`screenshot -with-osd` | Create screenshot of the scaled screen, including OSD elements
`screenshot -no-sprites` | Create screenshot with sprite rendering disabled

### set

Change or query the value of various settings. See also: `unset`.

usage:

`set <setting>` | Query the current value of the specified setting
`set <setting> <value>` | Change the specified setting to the given value

The settings that can be adjusted with this command are listed and explained later in this document.

examples:
`set accuracy pixel`
`set blur 25`
`set scanline 20`
`set deinterlace on`

### slotmap

Shows what devices are inserted into which slots. The related command `iomap` shows a similar overview, but for I/O mapped devices.

usage:

`slotmap` | Shows the slot map of the current MSX machine

### slotselect

Shows the currently selected slots. To see what devices are located in the slots, use the `slotmap` command.

usage:

`slotselect` | Shows the currently selected slot for each page

### soundlog

Controls sound logging: writing the openMSX sound to a WAV file.

This command is a shorthand for `record -audioonly`.

usage:

`soundlog start` | Log sound to file "openmsxNNNN.wav"
`soundlog start <filename>` | Log sound to indicated file
`soundlog start -prefix foo` | Log sound to file "fooNNNN.wav"
`soundlog stop` | Stop logging sound
`soundlog toggle` | Toggle sound logging state

### store_machine / restore_machine

These are low-level commands, used to implement savestates.

#### `store_machine`:

Saves the state of the specified machine to a file.

`store_machine <machineID> <filename>` | Save state of indicated machine to specified file

#### `restore_machine`:

Load a previously saved machine in a new machine-ID, next to the already available machines. See the section on `activate_machine`.

`restore_machine` | Load state from last saved state in default directory
`restore_machine <filename>` | Load state from indicated file

Note: These commands are pretty low level. The `savestate` and `loadstate` scripts are built on top of this and are much more convenient to use.

### test_machine / test_all_machines / test_all_extensions

Test whether the given MSX machine configuration works. For example whether you have all required system ROMs for this machine. See also `load_machine`. This is an alternative to using the equivalent option in the GUI Main menu bar → Machine → Test MSX hardware...

usage:

`test_machine <machine-config>` | Test whether the given machine configuration is OK.

Use the convenience commands `test_all_machines` and `test_all_extensions` to get a full overview on which system ROMs you are still missing.

### toggle

Toggles any boolean (on/off) setting: if it was on, it will be turned off and vice versa. See also: `cycle`.

usage:

`toggle <setting>` | Toggles the specified setting

examples:
`toggle mute`
`toggle throttle`

### trainer

Control game trainers. You can enable or disable individual cheats of each trainer. Make use of the TAB key to see what is available. When switching trainers, the currently active trainer will be deactivated.

usage:

`trainer` | See which trainer is currently active
`trainer <game>` | See which cheats are currently active in the trainer
`trainer <game> all` | Activate all cheats in the trainer of <game>
`trainer <game> [<cheat> ..]` | Toggle cheats of <game> on/off
`trainer deactivate` | Deactivate all trainers

examples:
`trainer Frogger all`
`trainer "Circus Charlie" 1 2`
`trainer Pippols lives "jump shoes"`

### type / type_via_keyboard

Type a string in the emulated MSX. This command automatically presses and releases keys in the simulated MSX keyboard matrix. This command is useful for demoing and for automating tasks in MSX-BASIC.

The command has a `-release` option, with which you can specify that keys are always released before new ones are pressed. Some game input routines need this, but it also makes typing twice as slow.

With the `-freq` option, you can tweak how fast typing goes and how long the keys will be pressed (and released if the `-release` option is used). Keys will be typed at the given frequency and will remain pressed/released for 1/freq seconds.

With the `-cancel` option, you can cancel a (long) in progress type command.

This command should always work, because it is just like as if a user was actually typing on the MSX keyboard. It is therefore a bit slow, though. Check out the `type_via_keybuf` command if you're looking for something faster (but more limited in where it works). With the `default_type_proc` setting you can even make `type_via_keybuf` the standard implementation for the `type` command. Only do this if you really know what you're doing!

usage:

`type "Hello world!"` | Yet another manifestation of the most famous program
`type "PRINT \"Hi!\"\r"` | Executes this basic command directly

There are also a few scripts extending this command:

`type_from_file` | With this command you can automatically type text which is stored in the given (text) file. Mostly useful if you want to type in some BASIC program fragment that you found somewhere and pasted in a text file.
`type_password_from_file` | A special version of `type_from_file`, made to type in passwords of games, which you have stored in a file. The text file should have a special format: one password per line, lines starting with # are ignored. After the filename, you can give the index of the password to type (which is the index of the first non-comment and non-blank line in the file).

### unset

Undefines a Tcl variable. When used on openMSX settings, they are reverted to their default value. See also: `set`.

usage:

`unset <variable>` | Undefines the given variable
`unset <setting>` | Reverts the given setting to its default value

### user_setting

This command is only meant to be used in Tcl scripts. It allows to create Tcl variables that act very much like built-in openMSX settings. They have a description (can be queried with "`help set <setting-name>`") and their value is stored saved/restored when openMSX is quit/restarted.

Execute "`help user_setting`" to get a detailed description of this command.

### vdpregs

Shows the current register settings of the Video Display Processor (VDP). Related command: `palette`.

usage:

`vdpregs` | Shows the current VDP control register contents

### other

Most commands described above are generally useful. openMSX also has a bunch of other more specialized commands. Some of these are intended for programmers who code MSX programs using openMSX as a tool. Other of these commands are more like toys or examples that show the openMSX scripting capabilities.

We've only listed a very brief overview of these commands. As always execute "`help <command-name>`" to get a more detailed description of the command.

`about` | Search command and setting help-texts for the given keyword
`cpuregs` | Gives an overview of the CPU registers
`data_file` | Helps locate openMSX data files
`disasm` | Print disassembled instructions at the given memory location
`getcolor` | Query V99x8 palette settings
`get_active_cpu` | Returns the active cpu, z80 or r800
`get_color_count` | Gives an overview of the used colors in the current screen
`get_screen` | Capture the content of an MSX text screen in a Tcl string
`get_screen_mode` | Decodes the current screen mode from the VDP registers and returns it as a Tcl string. `get_screen_mode_number` returns it as a number which would also be used for the basic command `SCREEN`.
`get_selected_slot` | Returns the selected slot for the given memory page
`guess_title` | Use heuristics to guess the title of the current game (cartridge, disk or tape). For specific media use `guess_cassette_title`, `guess_disk_title` or `guess_rom_title`.
`listing` | Reimplementation of the BASIC LIST command in Tcl
`load_debuggable` | Write the content of a file to a openMSX debuggable
`multi_screenshot` | Take screenshots of multiple successive frames
`pc_in_slot` | Check whether CPU is executing from the specified slot (useful as breakpoint condition)
`peek` | Read a byte from the given memory location
`peek16` | Read a 16 bit word from the given memory location
`poke` | Write a byte to the given memory location. Use `dpoke` to only write if the value to be written is different from the current value.
`poke16` | Write a 16 bit word to the given memory location
`psg_log` | Log or replay PSG register values in binary format
`ram_watch` | Add or remove RAM watch addresses to/from the list on the right side of the screen, useful for debugging or tool assisted speedrunning (TAS)
`reg` | Read or write CPU registers
`reg_log` | Log or replay register values for the specified debuggable in ASCII format
`rom_info` | Gives information about the given ROM device, coming from the software database. If no argument is given, the first found (external) ROM device is assumed. This command replaces the info that was previously (before openMSX 0.8.1) automatically printed on stdout.
`run_to` | Execute instructions until the PC reaches the specified address
`save_debuggable` | Save the (partial) content of a debuggable to a file
`save_msx_screen` | Saves the current MSX screen into an MSX compatible binary file (BLOAD format).
`save_to_file` | Helper function to save data (e.g. the output of another command) to a file.
`setcolor` | Change V99x8 palette settings
`set_help_text` | Associate help text with a Tcl proc
`set_tabcompletion_proc` | Associate tab completion with a Tcl proc
`showdebuggable` | Print the content of a debuggable in a table
`showmem` | Print the content of memory in a table
`show_osd` | Print an overview of the defined OSD elements
`skip_instruction` | Skip the current CPU instruction
`stack` | Print the top of the CPU stack
`step_in` | Execute one CPU instruction, go into subroutines
`step_over` | Execute one CPU instruction, but don't go into subroutines
`step_out` | Step out of the current subroutine
`step_back` | Step one instruction back in time
`text_echo` | Echo all printed MSX text on stderr
`toggle_cursors` | Show (or hide) a widget which shows which keys are pressed
`toggle_fps` | Show (or hide) a frames-per-second (fps) indicator
`toggle_frame_counter` | Show (or hide) a widget which shows the current frame number since start-up
`toggle_freq` | Switch between PAL/NTSC
`toggle_info_panel` | Show (or hide) a panel with various types of info on the currently running MSX (emulation); similar to the info in the panel you get when using the DIGIblue theme in blueMSX. In the future, this will be fully replaced by the Status bar, which can be toggled via Main menu bar → Settings → Misc → Show status bar.
`toggle_mog_overlay` | Enable (or disable) graphical extra information and game hints when playing The Maze of Galious
`toggle_mog_editor` | Enable (or disable) wall drawing and Popolon-placement with the mouse when playing The Maze of Galious; needs to have the MoG overlay enabled, see `toggle_mog_overlay`
`toggle_music_keyboard` | Enable (or disable) keyboard view of all existing music channels. EXPERIMENTAL! Be careful, it's very slow when many channels are present in the system
`toggle_nemesis_1_shield` | Enable (or disable) an OSD drawn shield in Nemesis (Gradius) 1, all enemy objects will repel from it
`toggle_psg2scc` | Enable (or disable) playing PSG sound on SCC
`toggle_scc_editor` | Show a graphical view of the SCC chip(s) of the system, showing waveforms and volume per channel and also enables you to edit the waveforms per channel
`toggle_scc_viewer` | Show a graphical view of the SCC chip(s) of the system, showing waveforms and volume per channel. In the future, this will be fully replaced by Main menu bar → Tools → SCC viewer ....
`toggle_tron` | Show (or hide) an OSD implementation of the MSX-BASIC TRON command to trace what the current line number of the BASIC interpreter is
`toggle_vdp_access_test` | Enable (or disable) reporting in the console when VDP I/O is done which could possibly cause data corruption on the slowest VDP (TMS9xxx), which is not emulated
`toggle_vdp_busy` | Enable (or disable) display on the OSD how busy the VDP is
`toggle_vu_meters` | Show (or hide) a graphical view of the volumes of the sound channels of several sound chips. These are volumes based on the current register values of the chips and only for those for which this is implemented. For "physical" VU-meters for all possible audio channels, check out Main menu bar → Tools → Audio channel viewer....
`type_via_keybuf` | Alternative to the `type_via_keyboard` (the default `type` command), that uses the keyboard buffer; only works if the running software uses the standard keyboard buffer functions to get keyboard input, but is much faster
`umrcallback` | Example proc to use with the umr_callback setting
`vdpcmdinprogresscallback` | Example proc to use with the vdpcmdinprogress_callback setting
`v9990reg` | Read or write a V9990 register
`v9990regs` | Print an overview of all V9990 registers
`vdpreg` | Read or write a V99x8 register
`vdrive` | Easily switch disks in multi-disk games
`vgm_rec` | Record the music played by PSG, MSX-MUSIC, MSX-AUDIO, OPL4 and SCC into a VGM file
`vpeek/vpoke` | Read/write bytes from/to video RAM

The source code of all these scripts is located in `share/scripts` directory. Feel free to inspect these scripts and modify them to suit your needs.

## Settings

Settings control many aspects of openMSX. Below, the available settings are listed and described. You can change setting values with the `set` command.

### accuracy

Sets the render accuracy. openMSX supports three levels of render accuracy:

screen accurate:
  Changes in VDP state become effective only once per video frame. Works well for most MSX1 software, but will break a lot of MSX2 software (anything that does so-called raster effects).
line accurate:
  Changes in VDP state become effective only once per display line. Works well for almost all software.
pixel accurate:
  Changes in VDP state become effective immediately. In this mode even the 'Unknown Reality scope part' is rendered correctly.

In some cases switching to a lower accuracy level can speed up emulation, but in many cases the speed difference is negligible.

The default is pixel accuracy, since this is the most realistic. If the software you are running shows a jittery screen split and you would prefer a stable screen split, switching to line accuracy can help.

usage:

`set accuracy` | Shows the current setting
`set accuracy screen` | Selects screen accurate rendering
`set accuracy line` | Selects line accurate rendering
`set accuracy pixel` | Selects pixel accurate rendering

### audio-inputfilename

Sets the audio file from which the wave input is read for the sampler.

By default, it is read from "audio-input.wav" when available.

usage:

`set audio-inputfilename` | Shows the current setting
`set audio-inputfilename mysample.wav` | Read from "mysample.wav"

Note: The file is fully read into memory, so under Linux/UNIX do not attempt to read from a device node such as `/dev/dsp`.

### autoruncassettes

Switches the "auto-run cassettes" feature on or off. When it's enabled, openMSX will try to type the proper loading instruction when a cassette is inserted.

usage:

`set autoruncassettes` | Shows the current setting
`set autoruncassettes on` | Try to run cassettes automatically
`set autoruncassettes off` | Do nothing when cassettes are inserted

Note: Autorun is only supported for cassette images in the CAS format.

### autorunlaserdisc

Switches the "auto-run laserdisc" feature on or off. When it's enabled, openMSX will try to type the proper loading instruction when a laserdisc is inserted.

usage:

`set autorunlaserdisc` | Shows the current setting
`set autorunlaserdisc on` | Try to load Laserdiscs automatically
`set autorunlaserdisc off` | Do nothing when Laserdiscs are inserted

### auto_enable_reverse

Using the `reverse` feature comes at a small memory and performance cost. Therefore it has to be enabled before it can be used. This setting controls whether the reverse feature should automatically be activated when openMSX starts. While with desktop computers this generally won't be a problem, the performance drop might be more noticeable on older/smaller handheld devices.

usage:

`set auto_enable_reverse` | Shows the current setting
`set auto_enable_reverse off` | Don't automatically enable the reverse feature
`set auto_enable_reverse on` | Enable the reverse feature when openMSX starts. Default setting for Desktop/PC

### auto_save_replay

Enable this setting to make automatic backups of your current replay. The replay is saved to the filename specified in the `auto_save_replay_filename` setting (default: "auto_save") at an interval as specified by the `auto_save_replay_interval` setting (default: 30 seconds). The interval is in real clock time, not in MSX time.

### blur

Sets the amount of horizontal blur effect. A value of 0 turns off blur, while 100 selects maximum blur.

usage:

`set blur` | Shows the current setting
`set blur <value>` | Change the value

Note: Only some scale algorithms apply horizontal blur; the default algorithm "simple" does.

### bootsector

Sets the boot sector type for DirAsDSK. Default: DOS2. Only relevant on turboR, because it boots differently depending on the type of boot sector on the disk in drive A.

usage:

`set bootsector` | Shows the current setting
`set bootsector DOS1` | Use a DOS1 boot sector

### brightness

Controls the brightness of the video output. Can be between -100 and 100. Lower values are darker, higher values are brighter. The default is 0, which is neutral. This setting shifts the brightness of all colours, including black and white, while the `gamma` setting changes the relative brightness of colours but does not change black and white.

The section about the `noise` setting describes a typical way of using `brightness`.

usage:

`set brightness` | Shows the current setting
`set brightness 5` | Make the video output a bit brighter than default

### cmdtiming

Controls VDP command execution timing.

This is useful for debugging and for speeding up games where the command engine performance is a bottleneck.

usage:

`set cmdtiming` | Shows the current setting
`set cmdtiming broken` | Make VDP commands finish instantly
`set cmdtiming real` | Make VDP commands take a realistic amount of time

Note: When set to `broken` the emulated MSX acts different from a real MSX. This might cause some software to fail.

### color_matrix

This setting represents a 3×3 matrix that is used to transform MSX RGB colours to host RGB colours. This setting can be used to generate all kind of colour schemes, see `scripts/monitor.tcl` for examples.

To get the following colour transformation:

            | a b c |   | Rm |   | Rh |
            | d e f | × | Gm | = | Gh |
            | g h i |   | Bm |   | Bh |

Use this command:

            set color_matrix { { a b c } { d e f } { g h i } }

usage:

`set color_matrix` | Shows the current value
`set color_matrix { { 1 0 0 } { 0 1 0 } { 0 0 1 } }` | This is the default (no colour transformation)
`set color_matrix { { .33 .33 .33 } { .33 .33 .33 } { .33 .33 .33 } }` | Transform to grey scale

Note: It is often more convenient to use the `monitor_type` command.

### console

Turns the openMSX on-screen console on or off.

usage:

`set console` | Shows the current setting
`set console on` | Turns the console on
`set console off` | Turns the console off

### contrast

Controls the contrast of the video output. Can be between -100 and 100. Lower values are less contrast, higher values are more contrast. The default is 0, which is neutral.

The section about the `noise` setting describes a typical way of using `contrast`.

usage:

`set contrast` | Shows the current setting
`set contrast -5` | Reduce the video contrast a bit

### cputrace

Enable/disable CPU instruction tracing. When enabled, the state of the CPU (Z80/R800) is printed on stdout after every instruction. This creates a lot of output and slows down emulation considerably, but it can be very useful for debugging.

usage:

`set cputrace` | Shows the current setting
`set cputrace on` | Enables CPU tracing
`set cputrace off` | Disables CPU tracing

### debugoutput

Selects the file to where the output from the debug device goes.

The User's Manual describes the debug device in more detail.

usage:

`set debugoutput` | Shows the current output file name
`set debugoutput stdout` | Writes debug output to openMSX's standard output stream
`set debugoutput stderr` | Writes debug output to openMSX's standard error stream
`set debugoutput <output file>` | Writes debug output to the specified file

Note: This setting only exists if the `debugdevice` extension is present in the current MSX machine.

### default_machine

Selects the default MSX model. openMSX uses this machine when it is started without the `-machine` option. This is a typical setting that should be saved, see also `save_settings`.

usage:

`set default_machine` | Shows current setting
`set default_machine Panasonic_FS-A1GT` | Use the turboR GT the next time openMSX is started

### DirAsDSKmode

Determine the behaviour of the DirAsDSK when inserting a directory to be used as diskimage.

The possible values are `read_only` and `full`. The default mode is `full`.

`read_only` | The MSX can not write to the virtual disk. Changes on the host-OS are still reflected on the virtual disk, however.
`full` | All changes are performed both ways, no restrictions apply.

usage:

`set DirAsDSKmode` | Shows the current setting
`set DirAsDSKmode read_only` | Disk image will be read only

Note: this setting is only used when the directory is inserted, it is not possible to change the behaviour of the current virtual disk by altering the setting. The new setting will become effective after the current virtual disk has been ejected.

### deflicker

Turns deflicker on/off. deflicker is a filter which tries to detect pixels that alternate each frame between two different colour values and replaces those alternations with the average colour. It gives a very nice result for software (mostly demos) that use this technique to get the optical illusion of more colours than are actually supported by the hardware. It also works well in games with flickering sprites on a static background (like Maze of Galious). This setting is disabled by default because there aren't that many situations where the performance cost justifies the improved video quality.

usage:

`set deflicker` | Shows the current setting
`set deflicker on` | Turns deflicker on
`set deflicker off` | Turns deflicker off

### deinterlace

Turns deinterlacing on/off. Deinterlace is a filter which combines the even and odd field of interlaced video into a single frame which has double vertical resolution. It results in a sharp and stable image, but can show artifacts on fast animations.

usage:

`set deinterlace` | Shows the current setting
`set deinterlace on` | Turns deinterlacing on
`set deinterlace off` | Turns deinterlacing off

### disablesprites

Can be used to disable sprite rendering. Only the rendering itself is disabled, all other MSX behaviour (like sprite collision detection) stays the same.

usage:

`set disablesprites` | Shows the current setting
`set disablesprites on` | Disable sprite rendering
`set disablesprites off` | Enable sprite rendering (the default)

### display_deform

Select display deformation effect.

usage:

`set display_deform` | Shows the current setting
`set display_deform normal` | Turns off display deform
`set display_deform 3d` | Deforms the image in 3D, to look like a CRT (like JEmu2)

Note: In the past there was also a 'horizontal_stretch' mode. This is now replaced by the `horizontal_stretch` setting.

### di_halt_callback

Selects the Tcl procedure to be called when the running MSX software has executed a HALT instruction while the interrupts are disabled (DI).

The default openmsx startup scripts initialize this setting with a proc that prints a warning message.

usage:

`set di_halt_callback` | Shows the current setting
`set di_halt_callback my_callback_proc` | Sets a new callback proc

### enable_session_management

Controls session management. When enabled, openMSX will store the state of all machines when you exit openMSX and restore that state again when starting it up next time. Note that the reverse history is not saved.

Sessions can also be saved manually with the command `save_session`, and explicitly loaded with `load_session`. A list of saved sessions can be retrieved with `list_sessions`.

### fastforward

Chooses between normal speed (off) and fastforward speed (on).

usage:

`set fastforward` | Shows the current setting
`set fastforward on` | Run at fastforward speed: the `fastforwardspeed` setting determines how fast the emulated MSX runs compared to real time
`set fastforward off` | Run at normal speed: the `speed` setting determines how fast the emulated MSX runs compared to real time

### fastforwardspeed

Sets the emulation speed relative to the speed of a real MSX when we are running in fastforward mode. Speed 100 means as fast as a real MSX, lower values are slower than real MSX, higher values are faster than real MSX.

usage:

`set fastforwardspeed` | Shows current fastforward speed
`set fastforwardspeed <num>` | Sets new fastforward speed to <num>% of real time

### frequency

Sets the sound mixer frequency. Sound hardware and sound APIs typically support a limited set of frequencies, such as 11025 Hz, 22050 Hz, 44100 Hz and 48000 Hz.

usage:

`set frequency` | Shows the current setting
`set frequency 44100` | Use 44.1 kHz mixing frequency (CD quality)

### firmwareswitch

Some machines (e.g. turboR) have a switch on the front (or on the back) that controls if the machine should boot 'normally' or start the built-in software, also called firmware. This setting controls the position of that switch.

usage:

`set firmwareswitch` | Shows the current setting
`set firmwareswitch on` | Boot into the internal software
`set firmwareswitch off` | Boot into MSX-BASIC or on-disk software

### fullscreen

Switch to/from fullscreen mode.

usage:

`set fullscreen` | Shows the current setting
`set fullscreen on` | Switch to fullscreen mode
`set fullscreen off` | Switch to windowed mode

### fullspeedwhenloading

When enabled, openMSX will try to detect when the MSX is loading from diskette, cassette or laserdisc. During loading openMSX will run at full speed (`throttle` off). This can be convenient if you're not interested in the realistic but slow loading times on MSX. Default is off, because it is not how a real MSX behaves.

Unlike the fast loading features in for example fMSX, `fullspeedwhenloading` does not intercept BIOS calls. Instead, it speeds up the emulation of the entire MSX, including all hardware devices.

usage:

`set fullspeedwhenloading` | Shows the current setting
`set fullspeedwhenloading on` | Load as fast as possible
`set fullspeedwhenloading off` | Load at the same speed as a real MSX

### gamma

Sets the amount of gamma correction. A value of 1.0 will turn off gamma correction. Lower values will result in a darker image, higher values in a brighter image.

If you want to get a realistic picture, set the openMSX gamma correction to PC gamma / MSX gamma. TVs use a standardised gamma of 2.5, let's take that as the value of MSX gamma. You can measure the gamma of your PC screen with a simple test such as the Gamma Measurement Image in Robert W. Berger's "An Explanation of Monitor Gamma". If your PC gamma would be for example 2.0, the most realistic value for gamma correction would be 2.0 / 2.5 = 0.8.

Alternatively, you can just try a few values and see what you like.

usage:

`set gamma` | Shows the current value
`set gamma <num>` | Sets a new gamma correction amount

### glow

Sets the amount of afterglow effect: 0 is off and 100 is a very heavy afterglow.

usage:

`set glow` | Shows the current setting
`set glow <value>` | Change the amount of afterglow

### grabinput

Controls whether openMSX grabs all input events or not. When this setting is turned on, all input events are directly passed to openMSX. The mouse pointer can't leave the openMSX window and the window manager won't be able to react to keyboard shortcuts.

You can turn this setting on when you want to use mouse-controlled MSX software while openMSX is in windowed mode. It is best turned off in all other cases. See also `escape_grab`.

usage:

`set grabinput` | Shows the current setting
`set grabinput on` | Starts grabbing all input events
`set grabinput off` | Stops grabbing all input events

### horizontal_stretch

Sets the amount of horizontal stretch, thus also the aspect ratio of the screen. More specifically, a setting of `n` means stretch the centre `n` MSX pixels to the full width of the host output window (at the virtual `scale_factor` 1).

usage:

`set horizontal_stretch` | Shows the current setting
`set horizontal_stretch <value>` | Change the amount of horizontal stretch

examples of typical useful values:
`set horizontal_stretch 320` (no horizontal stretch)
`set horizontal_stretch 272` (approach real aspect ratio of MSX screen)
`set horizontal_stretch 280` (default: show all generated border pixels, so that all border demo effects are still visible)
`set horizontal_stretch 256` (borders are not visible at all; doesn't work well in combination with set-adjust)

### inputdelay

Input events for the MSX machine are delayed by this amount. Increase this value when the MSX machine misses keyboard presses when you type very fast. Decrease this value to reduce the latency between pressing a key on the host machine and seeing it being typed in the MSX machine.

usage:

`set inputdelay` | Shows the current value
`set inputdelay <time>` | Sets the input delay to the specified number of seconds

Note: The default value of 0.0 seconds (no extra delay) should almost always be OK. It only makes sense to increase this setting if you have a slow host machine and you're typing text very fast and the emulated MSX machine misses (some of) the keys you typed.

### interleave_black_frame

Insert a black frame in between each normal MSX frame. Useful on (100Hz+) lightboost enabled monitors to reduce motion blur and double frame artifacts.

Make sure you configure your monitor to use a refresh rate of 100Hz (for a PAL MSX machine) or to 120Hz (for a NTSC machine). The brightness will decrease, so adjust the gamma, brightness and contrast settings to compensate.

usage:

`set interleave_black_frame` | Shows the current value
`set interleave_black_frame true` | Enable this feature.

### invalid_ppi_mode_callback

Selects the Tcl procedure to be called when the running MSX software has selected an invalid PPI mode. Or at least a PPI mode that's not yet correctly emulated. Typically on a real machine these modes will hang the MSX.

The default openMSX startup scripts initialize this setting with a proc that prints a warning message just once. Though if you're a developer you may want to change this to always print the warning or automatically break emulation when this happens so you can debug the problem.

usage:

`set invalid_ppi_mode_callback` | Shows the current setting
`set invalid_ppi_mode_callback my_callback_proc` | Sets a new callback proc

### invalid_psg_directions_callback

Selects the Tcl procedure to be called when the running MSX software has selected invalid PSG port directions (port A should always be set as input).

The default openMSX startup scripts initialize this setting with a proc that prints a warning message just once. Though if you're a developer you may want to change this to always print the warning or automatically break emulation when this happens, so you can debug the problem.

usage:

`set invalid_psg_directions_callback` | Shows the current setting
`set invalid_psg_directions_callback my_callback_proc` | Sets a new callback proc

### msxjoystick<n>_config/joymega<n>_config

This setting configures how the buttons/axis/keys of the host are mapped to the inputs of the emulated MSX joysticks or JoyMega devices. For many host controllers the initial value of this setting provides an acceptable default mapping. But depending on your controller type and taste you may want to tweak it.

The easiest way to tweak it, is by using the GUI menu under Main menu bar → Settings → Input → Configure MSX joysticks.

The value of this setting is a Tcl dictionary. This means it's a list of key/value pairs where each even element is a key and each odd element is the corresponding value. The keys in this dictionary represent the 6 possible MSX joystick inputs. Possible key values are `LEFT`, `RIGHT`, `UP`, `DOWN`, `A` and `B`. For the JoyMega devices, add `C`, `X`, `Y`, `Z`, `SELECT` and `START`. The corresponding dictionary-values are lists of boolean host inputs. Possible elements for these lists regarding host controller input are `joy<n> button<m>`, `joy<n> +axis<m>`, `joy<n> -axis<m>` and `joy<n> hat<m> left/right/down/up`. But also host keyboard input can be configured with `keyb <KEYNAME>`, where KEYNAME is the name of a key.

Let's explain this with an example. The following is the default value for this setting:
`UP {{joy1 -axis1} {joy1 hat0 up}} DOWN {{joy1 +axis1} {joy1 hat0 down}} LEFT {{joy1 -axis0} {joy1 hat0 left}} RIGHT {{joy1 +axis0} {joy1 hat0 right}} A {{joy1 button0} {joy1 button2} {joy1 button4} {joy1 button6} {joy1 button8} {joy1 button10}} B {{joy1 button1} {joy1 button3} {joy1 button5} {joy1 button7} {joy1 button9} {joy1 button11}}`
Axis 0 is usually the primary X-axis of the host controller's analogue stick. When that axis is moved towards negative values the LEFT input switch on the emulated joystick is activated. When it is moved towards positive values the RIGHT MSX input switch is activated. The D-pad of the detected host controller is also mapped via the `hat0` events. Similarly host axis1 is mapped to the UP and DOWN MSX inputs. The (default) configuration for the buttons is slightly more complicated. Here all even numbered host buttons (0, 2, etc.) will activate MSX button A, and odd host button numbers will activate MSX button B.

There are no restrictions on the possible mappings. For example it is allowed to map host axis/buttons to MSX buttons/axis or vice-versa. This allows to for example map a host joypad (which acts like 4 buttons, instead of hats) to the MSX directional inputs. (Technically speaking the MSX axis inputs LEFT, RIGHT, UP and DOWN are just 4 input switches, just like the buttons A and B are just 2 input switches). It's also allowed to map the same host action to multiple MSX inputs. This allows to for example make one specific host button press both MSX buttons simultaneously (e.g. to have a 'crouch button' in Metal Gear).

It is possible to set this setting directly using the `set` command, but often using the Tcl `dict` command is more convenient. See below for some examples.

usage:

`set msxjoystick1_config` | Shows the current configuration of the first MSX joystick (there are 2 MSX joysticks defined)
`dict set msxjoystick1_config A {joy1 button5}` | (Re)map MSX button A to (only) host button 5 of host joystick/controller 1. Leave the mapping of the other MSX inputs unchanged.
`dict set msxjoystick1_config A {{joy1 button0} {joy1 button2}} dict set msxjoystick1_config B {{joy1 button1} {joy1 button2}}` | Map joystick/controller 1's button 0 to A, 1 to B and 2 to A+B. So pressing host button 2 will press both MSX buttons.
`dict set msxjoystick1_config LEFT {{joy2 -axis0} {joy2 -axis2} {joy1 button10}} dict set msxjoystick1_config RIGHT {{joy2 +axis0} {joy2 +axis2} {joy1 button11}} dict set msxjoystick1_config UP {{joy2 -axis1} {joy2 -axis3} {joy1 button12}} dict set msxjoystick1_config DOWN {{joy2 +axis1} {joy2 +axis3} {joy1 button13}}` | Map 2 pairs of axis and 1 keypad (4 buttons) from host controller/joystick 2 to the MSX direction inputs for MSX joystick 1.
`dict lappend msxjoystick2_config LEFT {joy1 hat0 left} dict lappend msxjoystick2_config RIGHT {joy1 hat0 right} dict lappend msxjoystick2_config UP {joy1 hat0 up} dict lappend msxjoystick2_config DOWN {joy1 hat0 down}` | Additionally map hat0 of host controller/joystick 1 to the 4 MSX directions of msxjoystick2.
`dict lappend msxjoystick2_config LEFT {keyb A} dict lappend msxjoystick2_config RIGHT {keyb D} dict lappend msxjoystick2_config UP {keyb W} dict lappend msxjoystick2_config DOWN {keyb S}` | Additionally map the W, A, S, D keyboard key presses to the 4 MSX directions of msxjoystick2.

### joystick<n>_deadzone

This setting configures how big the dead centre zone of an (analogue) joystick is. This is expressed as a percentage: 0 means no dead zone, 100 means everything falls inside the dead zone. The setting is only available when connected host analogue sticks are detected.

usage:

`set joystick1_deadzone` | Shows the current size of the dead zone of the first joystick
`set joystick1_deadzone 25` | Set the size of the dead zone to ¼ of the total range

### kbd_auto_toggle_code_kana_lock

Switches the "Automatically toggle the CODE/KANA lock" feature on or off. When it's on, openMSX will automatically toggle the CODE/KANA lock when a user enters a character for which the CODE/KANA lock state must be changed.

usage:

`set kbd_auto_toggle_code_kana_lock` | Shows the current setting
`set kbd_auto_toggle_code_kana_lock on` | Automatically toggle the CODE/KANA lock when required
`set kbd_auto_toggle_code_kana_lock off` | Only toggle CODE/KANA lock status when user presses the CODE/KANA lock key

Note: This only works on MSX models for which the CODE/KANA key locks (e.g. Japanese MSX models and the Philips VG8010). On other models, this setting is ignored.

### kbd_code_kana_host_key

Host key that maps to the MSX CODE/KANA key. By default right-ALT (RALT) key.

It is especially useful for people with AZERTY host keyboard, on which the RALT key has a special function; on azerty keyboards it is called the ALT-GR key and not the right-ALT key and it's used to enter some special characters (some keys are tagged with 3 characters; normal, key+SHIFT, key+ALT-GR).

It is also useful for people with a Japanese (jp106) keyboard; they can map the HENKAN_MODE key (which is similar to the KANA Lock on Japanese MSX models) to the CODE/KANA key.

usage:

`set kbd_code_kana_host_key` | Shows the current setting
`set kbd_code_kana_host_key MENU` | Binds the MENU key on the host keyboard to the MSX CODE/KANA key
`set kbd_code_kana_host_key HENKAN_MODE` | Binds the HENKAN_MODE key on the host keyboard to the MSX CODE/KANA key

### kbd_deadkey1_host_key

Host key that maps to the (1st) dead key. By default right-CTRL (RCTRL) key.

Some MSX models have one dead key that can be used to enter accented characters. For example the MSX models sold in the Netherlands have a dead key that has following four accents printed on it: ` ´ ^ ¨. On the other hand, the Brazilian Gradiente Expert XP-800 has following four accents on its dead key: ` ´ ^ ~.

There are also some MSX models with multiple dead keys like for example the Brazilian Gradiente Expert Plus, which has two dead keys and the different Sharp Hotbit models that have three dead keys. On such machines, this setting is for the first dead key which can be used to enter following two accents: ´ `.

In order to enter an accented character on the MSX, you first have to press and release the dead key, optionally together with SHIFT, CODE or CODE+SHIFT and then the correct character. The combination with CODE or CODE+SHIFT is only relevant for the MSX models with a single dead key that can be used to enter four different accents.

Following table shows for example how to enter respectively ù, ú, û or ü on the MSX models sold in the Netherlands:

Key presses | Character
--- | ---
DEAD_KEY1 followed by u | ù
DEAD_KEY1+SHIFT followed by u | ú
DEAD_KEY1+CODE followed by u | û
DEAD_KEY1+SHIFT+CODE followed by u | ü

In order to use the dead key in openMSX, you must map an appropriate host key to the DEAD_KEY1 of the MSX and another one to the CODE key of the MSX with respectively this `kbd_deadkey1_host_key` setting and the above documented `kbd_code_kana_host_key` setting.

Note that especially the last key combination (DEAD_KEY1+SHIFT+CODE) can be impossible to enter on some host systems; depending on the host operating system, keyboard type and keyboard driver it may be impossible for the host system to send a combination of three keys at once to an application like openMSX. Unfortunately openMSX or its developers can't do anything about that.

usage:

`set kbd_deadkey1_host_key` | Shows the current setting
`set kbd_deadkey1_host_key PAGEUP` | Binds the PAGEUP key on the host keyboard to the 1st dead key

Note that to use for example PAGEUP as 1st dead key you will have to unbind it from the `go_back_one_step` command in the console; by default openMSX has bound the PAGEUP key to the `go_back_one_step` command and such a binding takes precedence over keyboard mappings, so if you want to use PAGEUP as the 1st dead key you will have to enter following additional command in the console: `unbind PAGEUP`.

### kbd_deadkey2_host_key

Host key that maps to the 2nd dead key. By default Page Up (PAGEUP) key.

This is only applicable to MSX models that have at least two dead keys, like the Brazilian Hotbit models or the Brazilian Gradiente Expert Plus or other Gradiente models with Gradiente basic version 1.1.

On the Hotbit models, the second dead key can be used to enter accent ¨ while on the Gradiente 1.1 models, the second dead key can be used to enter following accents: ~ ^.

It can be used in the same manner as the first dead key, explained in previous section.

usage:

`set kbd_deadkey2_host_key` | Shows the current setting
`set kbd_deadkey2_host_key PAGEDOWN` | Binds the PAGEDOWN key on the host keyboard to the 2nd dead key

Note that to use for example PAGEUP or PAGEDOWN as a dead key you will have to unbind them from the default functions in openMSX using the console; by default openMSX has bound the PAGEUP key to the `go_back_one_step` command and the PAGEDOWN key to the `go_forward_one_step` command. Such a binding takes precedence over keyboard mappings, so if you want to use PAGEUP or PAGEDOWN as the second dead key you will have to enter following additional commands in the console: `unbind PAGEUP` or `unbind PAGEDOWN`.

### kbd_deadkey3_host_key

Host key that maps to the 3rd dead key. By default Page Down (PAGEDOWN) key.

This is only applicable to MSX models with at least three dead keys, like the Sharp Hotbit models.

On the Hotbit models, the third dead key can be used to enter following two accents: ~ ^.

usage:

`set kbd_deadkey3_host_key` | Shows the current setting
`set kbd_deadkey3_host_key RCTRL` | Binds the Right CTRL (RCTRL) key on the host keyboard to the 3rd dead key

Note that to use for example PAGEDOWN (default setting!) as the 3rd dead key you will have to unbind it from the `go_forward_one_step` command in openMSX using the console; by default openMSX has bound the PAGEUP key to the `go_back_one_step` command. It is a very useful setting for many openMSX users when playing games but unfortunately it conflicts with the default set-up for the third dead key. Such a command binding takes precedence over keyboard mappings, so if you want to use PAGEDOWN as the third dead key you will have to enter following additional command in the console: `unbind PAGEDOWN`.

### kbd_mapping_mode

The keyboard driver can work in several mapping modes: CHARACTER, POSITIONAL or KEY.

CHARACTER mapping:
  A character entered by the user on the host keyboard is mapped to the correct key combination on the MSX keyboard to enter that same character. For example, when the user enters an '!' character and openMSX is emulating an 'international' MSX model, the keyboard driver will press SHIFT and '1' on the MSX keyboard. This will be done regardless of the key or keys that the user pressed on the host keyboard to enter that '!' character.
  This is especially useful when the user has an AZERTY host keyboard and is working on a QWERTY style MSX or when he has a US-QWERTY keyboard and is working on a Japanese MSX.
  In other words: in this mode openMSX is aware of both the host and the MSX keyboard layout and tries to remap host key-combinations to the corresponding MSX key-combinations that produce the same character.
  Special host keys (like CURSOR keys or CAPSLOCK) are mapped directly to the corresponding MSX keys.
  Note that CHARACTER mode isn't perfect (help to improve it is always appreciated). In some cases it may be more convenient or even required to use one of the other mapping modes.
POSITIONAL mapping:
  In this mode both the host and the MSX keyboard layout are ignored. Host keys get mapped to MSX keys that are (approximately) in the same position on both keyboards. (More technically, host 'scan-codes' get mapped to MSX 'keyboard-matrix positions'.)
KEY mapping:
  This mode is deprecated, it's superseded by the previous two modes and may get removed in a future openMSX release.
  This mode has rudimentary knowledge about the host keyboard layout, but no knowledge about the MSX keyboard layout. It remaps individual keys, not key combinations. Take for example a French AZERTY host keyboard and an emulated MSX with 'international' keyboard layout. Pressing the 'A' host key correctly maps to the 'A' MSX key. But pressing SHIFT+'3' on the host (which produces '3'), maps to SHIFT+'3' on the MSX keyboard (which produces '#').

usage:

`set kbd_mapping_mode` | Shows the current mode
`set kbd_mapping_mode CHARACTER` | Set the CHARACTER mapping mode
`set kbd_mapping_mode POSITIONAL` | Set the POSITIONAL mapping mode

### kbd_numkeypad_always_enabled

Some real MSX computers do not have a numeric keypad. openMSX will ignore key presses on the host numeric keypad when emulating such an MSX model. With this parameter, you can indicate that even on such MSX models, presses on the host numeric keypad must be mapped to the MSX numeric keypad. So, you can override accurate behaviour with it, which is the reason that by default, this setting is set to 'off'.

usage:

`set kbd_numkeypad_always_enabled` | Shows the current setting
`set kbd_numkeypad_always_enabled on` | Enables numeric keypad, even if the emulated MSX does not have one

### kbd_numkeypad_enter_key

There is a subtle difference between numeric keypad of MSX computers and of most host computers; the MSX computers have a '.' and a ',' on the numeric keypad. On the other hand, the host computers have a '.' and an 'ENTER' key on the keypad.

In some respect it is logical that the 'ENTER' key on the host numeric keypad is mapped to the 'normal' MSX 'ENTER' key. On the other hand, that would make it impossible to enter the ',' on the MSX numeric keypad. Therefore, the user can choose whether the host numeric keypad ENTER key should be mapped to the MSX numeric keypad ',' (which is the default) or to the main 'ENTER' key.

usage:

`set kbd_numkeypad_enter_key` | Shows the current value
`set kbd_numkeypad_enter_key ENTER` | Maps the keypad enter key to the main 'ENTER' key, instead of the comma key on the MSX keypad

### kbd_trace_key_presses

Log SDL key code, SDL modifiers and Unicode value for each key that gets pressed on the host keyboard on stderr. Also show Unicode value and corresponding MSX key-presses for characters that get 'pasted' into the MSX by the console `type` command. This setting is especially useful when defining Unicode keymap files, so that you can find out the Unicode values belonging to certain keys/characters.

usage:

`set kbd_trace_key_presses` | Shows the current setting
`set kbd_trace_key_presses on` | Turn logging of key presses on

### led_<name>

These are read-only settings. Their value reflects the current status of the corresponding LED on the emulated MSX machine. The currently supported LED names are: `power`, `caps`, `kana`, `pause`, `turbo` and `FDD`.

As for any setting you can use the native `trace` Tcl command to trigger a callback when the value of these settings changes. (In fact this possibility was the main motivation to make these read-only settings instead of topics of the `machine_info` command.)

### limitsprites

Controls whether the VDP has a limit on the number of sprites it can display per line. The default is on, because the real VDP has such a limit. You can turn off the limit to reduce sprite flashing in games such as Aleste. Note that some games (Penguin Adventure, among others) make use of this limitation, so they will display incorrectly if the limit is turned off.

The 5th/9th sprite status flag of the VDP is not influenced by the `limitsprites` setting: the flag always takes the limit into account.

usage:

`set limitsprites` | Shows the current value
`set limitsprites on` | Limits number of sprites per line
`set limitsprites off` | Turns off number of sprites per line limit

### master_volume

Controls the overall openMSX volume. The volume of individual sound devices can be controlled with the `<soundchip>_volume` settings.

usage:

`set master_volume` | Shows current setting
`set master_volume 50` | Sets master volume to 50%

### maxframeskip

Sets the maximum amount of frames to skip: show a frame and then skip at most <number> frames. So 0 means show everything (no frame skipping), 1 means show at least every second frame etc.

Frame skipping is done on demand, as a way to keep the flow of time for the emulated MSX in sync with the flow of real time. You can set limits on the amount of frame skipping with the `minframeskip` and `maxframeskip` setting.

In a situation where the number of consecutive frames specified by `maxframeskip` has been skipped, openMSX will display the next frame, even if that means emulation will start lagging behind real time.

usage:

`set maxframeskip` | Shows the current setting
`set maxframeskip <number>` | Sets the maximum number of consecutive frame skips

### midi-in-readfilename

Sets the file from which the MIDI input is read. By default, it is set to `/dev/midi` when available.

usage:

`set midi-in-readfilename` | Shows the current setting
`set midi-in-readfilename mymidilog.dat` | Read MIDI events from "mymidilog.dat"

### midi-out-logfilename

Sets the file to which the MIDI output is logged. By default, it logs to `/dev/midi` when available.

usage:

`set midi-out-logfilename` | Shows the current setting
`set midi-out-logfilename mymidilog.dat` | Log MIDI events to "mymidilog.dat"

### minframeskip

Sets the minimum amount of frames to skip: show a frame and then skip at least <number> frames. So 0 means no forced frame skipping, 1 means skip at least every second frame etc.

Frame skipping is done on demand, as a way to keep the flow of time for the emulated MSX in sync with the flow of real time. You can set limits on the amount of frame skipping with the `minframeskip` and `maxframeskip` setting.

The `minframeskip` setting can be useful if you want to ease the burden on your PC processor, for example for longer battery life on a laptop. It can also be useful if your PC is consistently too slow to run without frame skipping: in such cases video might be smoother with a low but constant frame rate than with a fluctuating frame rate.

usage:

`set minframeskip` | Shows the current setting
`set minframeskip <number>` | Sets the number of frame skips

### mode

Sets the active mode. A mode is a set of settings (mostly key bindings, but also OSD widgets that are activated) that are most suitable for a certain task. Currently only mode 'normal' and 'tas' exist.

usage:

`set mode` | Shows the current setting
`set mode tas` | Change mode to TAS mode
`set mode normal` | Set mode back to normal, which is the default (all purpose) mode

#### TAS mode

So far, the only special mode is the TAS mode, which is made for doing Tool Assisted Speedruns, with TAS widgets and easier ways to save replays. It is still experimental, but already very useful for doing a TAS. This mode enables the following widgets:

- frame counter (can also be toggled with `toggle_frame_counter`), which shows the VDP (not V9990) frame number on screen
- cursors (can also be toggled with `toggle_cursors`), shows which keys (important for games) are pressed

The mode configures the following key bindings, overriding any existing key bindings (note: Mac key bindings are not proper yet...):

keys (PC) | keys (Mac) | function
--- | --- | ---
F6 | (F6) | Load replay from current slot
F7 | (F7) | Open slot select menu
F8 | (F8) | Save replay to current slot
End | (End) | Advance one frame (`advance_frame`)
ScrollLock | (ScrollLock) | Reverse one frame (`reverse_frame`)

Note that this mode may change in future releases!

### mute

Mute/unmute all sound output.

usage:

`set mute` | Shows the current setting
`set mute on` | Mute sound
`set mute off` | Unmute sound

### noise

Controls the amount of Gaussian noise that is added to the video output. A small amount of noise can give a more authentic look to the video output on TFTs. Values can be between 0 and 100, where 0 is no noise and 100 is lots of noise.

This setting is best combined with `brightness` and `contrast`: noise creates small random fluctuations in the brightness of pixels. When noise is applied to pure black, it is not possible to make it any darker, so half of the time the noise is ineffective. The same happens with pure white. By setting the `brightness` slightly above 0 and `contrast` slightly below 0, you will get a better looking noise effect.

usage:

`set noise` | Shows the current setting
`set noise 7` | Add a moderate amount of noise

### pause

Pauses the emulation.

usage:

`set pause` | Shows the current setting
`set pause on` | Pauses emulation
`set pause off` | Unpauses emulation

Note: Some video settings cannot be applied to an already rendered frame and will therefore not take effect until openMSX is unpaused.

### pause_on_lost_focus

When this setting is enabled, the emulation will be paused when the openMSX window loses focus.

usage:

`set pause_on_lost_focus` | Shows the current setting
`set pause_on_lost_focus on` | Emulation will be paused when the openMSX window loses focus
`set pause_on_lost_focus off` | Emulation will continue when the openMSX window loses focus (default)

### pointer_hide_delay

The amount of seconds before the mouse pointer will be automatically hidden after it got shown due to mouse activity. A negative amount means that it will never be hidden, an amount of 0 means that it will be always hidden. By default the pointer is hidden 1 second after the last mouse activity.

usage:

`set pointer_hide_delay` | Shows the current setting
`set pointer_hide_delay -1` | Never hide the mouse pointer
`set pointer_hide_delay 0` | Always hide the mouse pointer
`set pointer_hide_delay 3.4` | Hide the mouse pointer after 3.4 seconds of inactivity

### power

Turn the power of the emulated MSX machine on or off.

usage:

`set power` | Shows the current setting
`set power on` | Turns the MSX machine on (the default)
`set power off` | Turns the MSX machine off

### printerlogfilename

Sets the file to which the printer logger writes.

usage:

`set printerlogfilename` | Shows the current setting
`set printerlogfilename myprinterlog.txt` | Log to "myprinterlog.txt"

### print-resolution

Sets the resolution (in dpi) for the emulated dot-matrix printer.

The emulated printer 'prints' pages as PNG files. This settings determines the resolution of those images.

usage:

`set print-resolution` | Shows the current setting
`set print-resolution 600` | Sets resolution to 600 dpi

### PSG_detune_frequency

Sets the frequency of the detune (a random variation in a sound's frequency) effect. It makes a sound fatter and more natural, as if played by a human being.

usage:

`set PSG_detune_frequency` | Shows the current setting
`set PSG_detune_frequency <num>` | Sets new detune frequency in Hz; 1 is minimum, 100 is maximum

examples:
`set PSG_detune_frequency`
`set PSG_detune_frequency 5` (default)
Note: It is often more convenient to use the `psg_profile` command.

### psg_detune_percent

Sets the strength of the detune effect. By default it is 0, which means the effect is switched off.

usage:

`set PSG_detune_percent` | Shows the current setting
`set PSG_detune_percent <num>` | Sets new detune strength; 0 is minimum, 10 is maximum

examples:
`set PSG_detune_percent`
`set PSG_detune_percent 0` (switched off, default)
`set PSG_detune_percent 0.5` (recommended)
Note: It is often more convenient to use the `psg_profile` command.

### PSG_vibrato_frequency

Sets the frequency of the vibrato (a periodic variation in a sound's frequency) effect.

usage:

`set PSG_vibrato_frequency` | Shows the current setting
`set PSG_vibrato_frequency <num>` | Sets new vibrato frequency in Hz; 1 is minimum, 10 is maximum

examples:
`set PSG_vibrato_frequency`
`set PSG_vibrato_frequency 5` (default)
Note: It is often more convenient to use the `psg_profile` command.

### PSG_vibrato_percent

Sets the strength of the vibrato effect. By default it is 0, which means the effect is switched off.

usage:

`set PSG_vibrato_percent` | Shows the current setting
`set PSG_vibrato_percent <num>` | Sets new vibrato strength; 0 is minimum, 10 is maximum

examples:
`set PSG_vibrato_percent`
`set PSG_vibrato_percent 0` (switched off, default)
`set PSG_vibrato_percent 1` (recommended)
Note: It is often more convenient to use the `psg_profile` command.

### r800_freq / r800_freq_locked

These two settings control the R800 clock frequency. See `z80_freq / z80_freq_locked` for details.

### renderer

Switch to a different video renderer. However, currently there is only one alternative: `none`, and that is useful only for disabling rendering in scripts completely.

usage:

`set renderer` | Shows the current setting
`set renderer none` | Disable rendering completely

### renshaturbo

Sets the speed of the built-in auto fire on some Japanese MSX models, for example the turboR machines. A value of 0 turns off auto fire, while 100 selects the most rapid auto fire.

usage:

`set renshaturbo` | Shows the current renshaturbo value
`set renshaturbo <num>` | Sets speed to value <num>

Note: This setting is only available if the current MSX machine has hardware Ren-Sha Turbo support.

### resampler

Sets the method to resample the sound of sound chips from their native frequency to the desired output frequency.

usage:

`set resampler` | Shows the currently active resampler
`set resampler fast` | Sets a fast, but low quality resampler. This uses simple linear interpolation, which can result in very audible aliasing effects in some cases. Although this is a relatively low quality algorithm, it's the algorithm that was used in pre-0.6.3 openMSX versions (and most other MSX emulators).
`set resampler blip` | Sets the Blip_Buffer based resampler, which has the best quality per CPU usage ratio.
`set resampler hq` | Sets the highest quality resampler, but it also takes the most CPU time. It's based on the libsamplerate algorithm. This is the default value on most platforms, as it gives the best quality.

### rs232-inputfilename

Sets the file from which the RS232-tester reads data. Note that the `rs232-tester` has to be plugged in the `msx-rs232` connector for this to become useful. When plugging the tester, this setting needs to point to a valid file.

usage:

`set rs232-inputfilename` | Shows the current setting
`set rs232-inputfilename myrs232input.txt` | Reads from "myrs232input.txt"

### rs232-outputfilename

Sets the file to which the RS232-tester writes the data. Note that the `rs232-tester` has to be plugged in the `msx-rs232` connector for this to become useful. When plugging the tester, this setting needs to point to a valid file.

usage:

`set rs232-outputfilename` | Shows the current setting
`set rs232-outputfilename myrs232output.txt` | Write to "myrs232output.txt"

### rs232-net-address

Sets the ip address (or hostname) and port for the RS232-Net pluggable. Note that `rs232-net` has to be plugged in the `msx-rs232` connector for this to become useful. This setting needs to point to a valid host at the moment of plugging it.

The address must follow one of the following syntaxes:

- hostname e.g.: abc.com
- hostname:port e.g.: abc.com:23
- ipv4 e.g.: 127.0.0.1
- ipv4:port e.g.: 127.0.0.1:2323
- ipv6 e.g.: ::1
- [ipv6]:port e.g.: [::1]:8080

usage:

`set rs232-net-address` | Shows the current setting
`set rs232-net-address mytelnetbbs.net:23` | Connects to "mytelnetbbs.net" on port 23

### rs232-net-ip232

Enable the use of the IP232 protocol when used in conjunction with the `TCPSer` software modem. Note that `rs232-net` has to be plugged in the `msx-rs232` connector and `rs232-net-address` must point to the ip address and port of a running TCPSer instance.

The IP232 protocol permits the correct emulation of some of the RS-232 port control lines.

This setting must be disabled when using `rs232net` without `TCPSer`.

usage:

`set rs232-net-ip232` | Shows the current setting
`set rs232-net-ip232 on` | Enable the IP232 protocol
`set rs232-net-ip232 off` | Disable the IP232 protocol

### rtcmode

Sets the Real Time Clock mode. Can be either `RealTime` or `EmuTime`.

In `RealTime` mode the MSX clock is always synchronized with the host clock, even when for example emulation is paused for a while or when emulation is run at 200% of real speed.

In `EmuTime` mode the time is only synchronized with the host clock when openMSX starts. From then on the clock ticks at the same pace as the emulated machine. So when emulation is paused, the clock is paused as well. If emulation is run at 200% speed, the clock also ticks twice as fast.

In `EmuTime` mode it's not possible for an MSX program to detect whether it's running on a real or on an emulated machine. That's why this is the default mode. On the other hand the `RealTime` mode might be better if for example you care that timestamps of files written by the emulated MSX machine are in sync with the host machine time.

usage:

`set rtcmode` | Shows the current mode
`set rtcmode EmuTime` | Set EmuTime mode (the default)
`set rtcmode RealTime` | Set RealTime mode

### samples

Sets the size of the sound mixer buffer. Higher values help against buffer underruns (hickups), but increase the latency of the sound output.

usage:

`set samples` | Shows the current setting
`set samples 1024` | Use a mixing buffer of 1024 samples

### save_settings_on_exit

Automatically save the current settings when openMSX exits: execute a `save_settings` command on exit.

usage:

`set save_settings_on_exit` | Show current setting
`set save_settings_on_exit on` | Enable auto save
`set save_settings_on_exit off` | Disable auto save

### scale_algorithm

Selects the algorithm used to transform MSX pixels to host pixels. The User's Manual contains more information about scalers.

usage:

`set scale_algorithm` | Shows the current setting
`set scale_algorithm simple` | Selects the default scale algorithm
`set scale_algorithm hq` | Selects the HQ2x/3x/4x scale algorithm

### scale_factor

Selects the scale factor. Scale factor <n> means the typical MSX pixel (MSX resolution 256×212) is mapped on <n> by <n> host pixels. For the moment the possible values are 2 to 4. In the future we may support a wider range or even non-integer values. The User's Manual contains more information about scalers.

usage:

`set scale_factor` | Shows the current setting
`set scale_factor <n>` | Sets a new scale factor

### scanline

Sets the amount of scanline effect.

usage:

`set scanline` | Shows the current setting
`set scanline <value>` | Changes the value

Note: Some scalers will not render scanlines at all.

### sound_driver

Select the sound output driver.

usage:

`set sound_driver sdl` | Selects the SDL sound driver
`set sound_driver null` | Selects the null sound driver (no sound)

### speed

Sets the emulation speed relative to the speed of a real MSX. Speed 100 means as fast as a real MSX, lower values are slower than real MSX, higher values are faster than real MSX.

usage:

`set speed` | Shows current emulation speed
`set speed <num>` | Sets new emulation speed to <num>% of real time

### <soundchip>_balance

Sets the balance (distribution over the left and right channel) for individual sound chips. It replaces the previously available `<soundchip>_mode` setting. The range is between -100 (totally left) and 100 (totally right).

usage:

`set <soundchip>_balance` | Shows the current setting
`set <soundchip>_balance 0` | Plays the output of this chip on both the left and right channel
`set <soundchip>_balance -100` | Plays the output of this chip on only the left channel
`set <soundchip>_balance 75` | Plays the output of this chip mostly on the right channel, but also a bit on the left channel

examples:
`set PSG_balance`
`set PSG_balance -100`
`set FMPAC_balance 0`

### <soundchip>_ch<channel>_record

Sets the filename to which the sound of an individual channel of individual sound chips should be recorded. When this setting is not set, no recording takes place and recording starts as soon as the setting is set. Normally, you would probably prefer to use the `record_channels` command to set up channel recording instead of this low level setting.

usage:

`set <soundchip>_ch<channel>_record` | Shows the current setting
`set <soundchip>_ch<channel>_record filename` | Starts recording the sound of the specified chip and channel to the file with name <filename>

examples:
`set SCC_ch1_record`
`set PSG_ch3_record /tmp/PSG_ch3.wav`

### <soundchip>_ch<channel>_mute

Use to mute a specific channel of an individual sound chip. Normally, you would probably prefer to use the `mute_channels` command to set up channel muting instead of this low level setting.

usage:

`set <soundchip>_ch<channel>_mute` | Shows the current setting
`set <soundchip>_ch<channel>_mute on` | Mutes the sound of the specified channel of the specified chip
`set <soundchip>_ch<channel>_mute off` | Unmutes the sound of the specified channel of the specified chip

examples:
`set SCC_ch1_mute`
`set PSG_ch3_mute on`
`set SCC_ch5_mute off`

### <soundchip>_volume

Sets the volume for individual sound chips. The overall volume is controlled by the `master_volume` setting.

usage:

`set <soundchip>_volume` | Shows the current setting
`set <soundchip>_volume <num>` | Sets new volume; 0 is off, 100 is maximum

examples:
`set PSG_volume`
`set PSG_volume 60`
`set "FMPAC_volume" 50`

### throttle

Sets throttle mode. In throttle mode the emulator tries to run at the specified speed relative to a real MSX (see speed command). When throttling is turned off the emulator runs as fast as possible.

usage:

`set throttle` | Shows the current setting
`set throttle on` | Turn throttle mode on (normal operation)
`set throttle off` | Turn throttle mode off (fast forward)

### too_fast_vram_access

How should software that accesses the VDP-VRAM too fast be emulated? Most existing MSX software should not access VRAM too fast, and in that case this setting has no effect. But you may want to change it when you e.g. emulate an overclocked Z80 (see z80_freq).

usage:

`set too_fast_vram_access` | Shows the current setting
`set too_fast_vram_access real` | Accessing the VRAM too fast results in dropped VRAM accesses, just like on a real machine.
`set too_fast_vram_access ignore` | All VRAM accesses are executed, so timing of VRAM access is ignored.

### too_fast_vram_access_callback

Selects the Tcl procedure to be called when a too-fast-VRAM-access (read or write) has been detected. This is useful for debugging MSX programs that show certain kinds of VRAM corruption, especially on MSX1.

By default this setting is empty, which means that nothing is done when a too-fast-VRAM-access is detected. We ship a few example procedures called `warn_too_fast_vram_access` and `debug_too_fast_vram_access` which respectively print a warning or break CPU emulation when this condition occurs. You can find the source code for these procedures in `scripts/callbackprocs.tcl`. Feel free to write your own procedure that does exactly what you need.

usage:

`set VDP.too_fast_vram_access_callback` | Shows the currently installed callback
`set VDP.too_fast_vram_access_callback warn_too_fast_vram_access` | Print warning when too fast VRAM access is detected
`set VDP.too_fast_vram_access_callback debug_too_fast_vram_access` | Print warning and also break emulation right after the Z80 instruction that triggered this callback
`set VDP.too_fast_vram_access_callback my_custom_callback_handler` | Install a custom callback handler
`set VDP.too_fast_vram_access_callback ""` | Remove any installed callback handler

### touchpad_transform_matrix

Specify a 2×3 transformation matrix that maps host mouse coordinates to MSX touchpad coordinates. To get the following coordinate transformation:

            | a b c |   | host-X |   | touchpad-X |
            | d e f | × | host-Y | = | touchpad-Y |
                        |    1   |

Use this command:

            set touchpad_transform_matrix {{a b c} {d e f}}

usage:

`set touchpad_transform_matrix` | Shows the current value
`set touchpad_transform_matrix {{256 0 0} {0 256 0}}` | This is the default, map the full host window to 256×256 touchpad input
`set touchpad_transform_matrix {{320 0 -64} {0 240 -14}}` | Attempt to map touch coordinates to corresponding MSX pixel coordinates.

### turborpause

Controls the pause key on an MSX turboR machine.

usage:

`set turborpause` | Shows the current setting
`set turborpause on` | Activate the pause key
`set turborpause off` | Deactivate the pause key

Note: If you use this setting often, it may be useful to bind it to a key on your PC keyboard. See the `bind` and `toggle` commands.

### umr_callback

Selects the Tcl procedure to be called when an Uninitialized Memory Read has been detected. This is useful for debugging MSX programs: uninitialized memory is not guaranteed to have any particular value, so reading it is most likely a bug.

By default this setting is empty, which means that nothing is done when an Uninitialized Memory Read is detected. We ship a useful procedure called `umrcallback` which logs all UMRs. You can activate it with `set umr_callback umrcallback`. You can find the source code for this procedure in `scripts/callbackprocs.tcl`.

usage:

`set umr_callback` | Shows the current UMR callback setting
`set umr_callback umrcallback` | Sets callback proc to `umrcallback`

### vdpcmdinprogress_callback

Selects the Tcl procedure to be called when a write to a VDP command engine register is detected while there is still a VDP command in progress. Often this is an indication of a bug in the running MSX program. Note that writes to VDP register R#44 with a command in progress are normal behaviour, so the callback is not triggered for such writes.

By default this setting is empty, which means that nothing is done when a suspicious VDP command engine write is detected. We ship an example proc called `vdpcmdinprogresscallback` which simply logs all occurrences. You can activate it with `set vdpcmdinprogress_callback vdpcmdinprogresscallback`. You can find the source code for this proc in `scripts/callbackprocs.tcl`. Feel free to write your own proc that does exactly what you need. For example it might be a good idea to execute `debug break` in your callback, so that you can easily examine what code triggered this write.

usage:

`set vdpcmdinprogress_callback` | Shows the current value. Default is "" (meaning no action)
`set vdpcmdinprogress_callback vdpcmdinprogresscallback` | Sets callback to `vdpcmdinprogresscallback`

### vdpcmdtrace

Enable/disable VDP command tracing. When enabled, every VDP command is logged on stdout. This is useful when debugging MSX programs that use the VDP command engine.

usage:

`set vdpcmdtrace` | Shows the current setting
`set vdpcmdtrace on` | Enables VDP command tracing
`set vdpcmdtrace off` | Disables VDP command tracing

### videosource

Switch between video sources: `MSX` (V99x8, default when no Video 9000 is available), `GFX9000` (V9990), `Video9000` (V9990 superimposed on top of V99x8, default if available) and `Laserdisc` (for Palcom machines). There can be even more video sources, e.g. offered by cartridges with a built in VDP such as the Neos MA-20(V).

usage:

`set videosource` | Shows the current setting
`set videosource MSX` | Switch to normal MSX screen
`set videosource GFX9000` | Switch to GFX9000 screen

Note: This setting is only available if multiple video sources are present.

### vsync

Enables or disables vsync. This setting determines whether MSX frame rendering should be synchronized to your host monitors frame rate (e.g. 60fps).

The default value is not to synchronize ("`off`"). When enabled, adaptive vsync is attempted if your hardware and driver support it, which means that if a frame is too late, it will be output immediately anyway. If not supported, normal vsync will be used, which may mean a frame is output later, when the sync is missed.

Enable this if your MSX is running at about the same frame rate as your monitor (e.g. 60Hz MSX output on a 60Hz host monitor) and you want to avoid (or reduce) tearing, which can be quite visible in smooth horizontal scrolling demos. Keep in mind throttle mode off works a bit differently if vsync is enabled (see there).

usage:

`set vsync` | Shows the current setting
`set vsync off` | No synchronization to monitor frame rate: draw immediately
`set vsync on` | Synchronize to monitor frame rate when possible, otherwise draw immediately. Or, when this is not available on the host hardware/driver, synchronize to monitor frame rate always (default)

### v9990cmdtrace

Enable/disable V9990 command tracing. This is the V9990 equivalent of `vdpcmdtrace`.

usage:

`set v9990cmdtrace` | Shows the current setting
`set v9990cmdtrace on` | Enables V9990 command tracing
`set v9990cmdtrace off` | Disables V9990 command tracing

Note: This setting is only available if the `gfx9000` or `video9000` extension is present.

### z80_freq / z80_freq_locked

These two settings control the Z80 clock frequency. When `z80_freq_locked` is true the emulated Z80 runs at the normal 3.579545 MHz (or possibly 5.369318 MHz on machines that are able to switch the CPU to 'turbo' mode, e.g. the Panasonic MSX2+ models). When `z80_freq_locked` is false the value of `z80_freq` is taken as the Z80 clock frequency. Note: the value of `z80_freq` is by default the MSX Z80 standard of 3579545, so when `z80_freq` is untouched, setting `z80_freq_locked` to false will set the clock frequency of a CPU in 5.37 Mhz turbo mode back to 3.58 Mhz.

WARNING: be careful when changing these settings. When saving the settings in which a different clock is activated, this will be applied for all machines, as these are global settings. Some software (like demos) may stop working properly with a changed CPU clock frequency. Specifically, using a value (just) below the normal value may cause problems loading CAS images, as these are converted to a high baud rate WAV file internally and when the MSX becomes slower it cannot handle that high baud rate.

examples:
Overclock Z80 to 14 MHz:
`set z80_freq 14318180`
`set z80_freq_locked false`
F8 switches between 3.5 MHz and 7 MHz:
`set z80_freq 7159090`
`bind F8 "toggle z80_freq_locked"`

### other settings

Like with the commands, there are also some specialized settings, for which we only list a very brief overview. As always execute "`help setting <setting-name>`" to get a more detailed description of the setting.

`fast_cas_load_hack_enabled` | Enable a hack that lets you quickly load CAS files, without having openMSX convert them to WAV

The source code of all these scripts is located in `share/scripts` directory. Feel free to inspect these scripts and modify them to suit your needs.