// ==========================================================================
//                 SeqAn - The Library for Sequence Analysis
// ==========================================================================
// Copyright (c) 2006-2026, Knut Reinert, FU Berlin
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
//
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
//       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//     * Neither the name of Knut Reinert or the FU Berlin nor the names of
//       its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
// AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
// ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL KNUT REINERT OR THE FU BERLIN BE LIABLE
// FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
// DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
// SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
// CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
// LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
// OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
// DAMAGE.
//
// ==========================================================================
// Author: David Weese <david.weese@fu-berlin.de>
// ==========================================================================
// Implements lots of internal data structures for low-level file access used
// by the External String, external sorters and mappers (Pool), FileStream.
// ==========================================================================

#ifndef SEQAN_HEADER_FILE_PAGE_H
#define SEQAN_HEADER_FILE_PAGE_H


/* IOREV
 * _nottested_
 * _nodoc_
 *
 * not tested by any test or app
 * no documentation for the functions
 *
 * contains lots of seemingly important code, however doc is sparse
 * to non-existent. Code needs thorough investigation, to understand
 * how/if this works
 *
 * probably Weese's code according to holtgrew
 *
 *
 */


//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

namespace seqan2 {

// ============================================================================
// Forwards
// ============================================================================

template <typename TConfig>
struct MMap;


    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // base class for memory buffers

    struct Dynamic;

    template <size_t SEQAN_PAGESIZE>
    struct Fixed;

    template <typename TFile, typename TSpec = Dynamic>
    struct PageFrame;


    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec = Simple>
    struct Buffer
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        typedef    typename Size<Buffer>::Type                 TSize;
        typedef    typename Iterator<Buffer, Standard>::Type   TIterator;

        TIterator    begin;      // the beginning of the buffer
        TIterator    end;        // end of valid data
        TSize        pageSize;   // size of allocated memory

        Buffer():
            begin(NULL),
            end(NULL),
            pageSize(0) {}

        Buffer(TIterator _begin, TIterator _end):
            begin(_begin),
            end(_end),
            pageSize(0) {}

        Buffer(TIterator _begin, TSize _size):
            begin(_begin),
            end(_begin + _size),
            pageSize(0) {}

//        template <typename T>
//        Buffer(T &x):
//        {
//            const_cast<int&>(x);
//        }
//
//        Buffer(TSize _pageSize):
//            begin(NULL),
//            end(NULL),
//            pageSize(_pageSize) {}

        inline TValue       & operator[](TSize i)       { return begin[i]; }
        inline TValue const & operator[](TSize i) const { return begin[i]; }
    };


    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // meta-function interface

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec>
    struct Value<Buffer<TValue, TSpec> >
    {
        typedef TValue Type;
    };

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec>
    struct Size<Buffer<TValue, TSpec> >
    {
        typedef size_t Type;
    };

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec>
    struct Iterator<Buffer<TValue, TSpec>, Standard>
    {
        typedef TValue *Type;
    };

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec>
    struct Iterator<Buffer<TValue, TSpec> const, Standard>
    {
        typedef TValue const *Type;
    };


    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // global interface

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec>
    inline typename Size<Buffer<TValue, TSpec> >::Type
    capacity(Buffer<TValue, TSpec> const &me)
    {
        return me.pageSize;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, size_t SEQAN_PAGESIZE>
    inline typename Size<Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Fixed<SEQAN_PAGESIZE> > > >::Type
    capacity(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Fixed<SEQAN_PAGESIZE> > > const &)
    {
        return SEQAN_PAGESIZE;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec, typename TSize>
    inline void
    _setCapacity(Buffer<TValue, TSpec> &me, TSize size)
    {
        me.pageSize = size;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec>
    inline typename Size<Buffer<TValue, TSpec> >::Type
    length(Buffer<TValue, TSpec> const &me)
    {
        return me.end - me.begin;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, size_t SEQAN_PAGESIZE>
    inline typename Size<Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Fixed<SEQAN_PAGESIZE> > > >::Type
    length(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Fixed<SEQAN_PAGESIZE> > > const &)
    {
        return SEQAN_PAGESIZE;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec, typename TSize>
    inline void
    resize(Buffer<TValue, TSpec> &me, TSize size)
    {
        me.end = me.begin + size;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec, typename TSize, typename T>
    inline bool
    allocPage(Buffer<TValue, TSpec> &buffer, TSize size, T const & me)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        allocate(me, buffer.begin, size);
        _setCapacity(buffer, size);
        resize(buffer, size);
        #ifdef SEQAN_VVERBOSE
            std::cerr << "allocPage: " << std::hex << (void*)buffer.begin << std::dec << std::endl;
        #endif
        return buffer.begin != NULL;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec, typename T>
    inline void
    freePage(Buffer<TValue, TSpec> &buffer, T const & me)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        #ifdef SEQAN_VVERBOSE
            if ((void*)buffer.begin)
                std::cerr << "freePage:  " << std::hex << (void*)buffer.begin << std::dec << std::endl;
        #endif
        deallocate(me, buffer.begin, capacity(buffer));
        buffer.begin = NULL;
        resize(buffer, 0);
        _setCapacity(buffer, 0);
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec>
    inline typename Iterator<Buffer<TValue, TSpec>, Standard>::Type
    begin(Buffer<TValue, TSpec> &pf, Standard)
    {
        return pf.begin;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec>
    inline typename Iterator<Buffer<TValue, TSpec> const, Standard>::Type
    begin(Buffer<TValue, TSpec> const &pf, Standard)
    {
        return pf.begin;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec>
    inline typename Iterator<Buffer<TValue, TSpec>, Standard>::Type
    end(Buffer<TValue, TSpec> &pf, Standard)
    {
        return pf.end;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TSpec>
    inline typename Iterator<Buffer<TValue, TSpec> const, Standard>::Type
    end(Buffer<TValue, TSpec> const &pf, Standard)
    {
        return pf.end;
    }



    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // a bucket is a structure to represent a small window of a page
    // used by algorithms which need a global view of all pages (merge sort, mapper)

    template <typename TValue>
    struct PageBucket
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_ has some unformatted comments in code, but not enough doc
        typedef    typename Iterator<PageBucket, Standard>::Type TIterator;

        unsigned    pageOfs;                // begin of bucket window with relation to page begin
        TIterator    begin, cur, end;        // begin/end of buckets memory buffer and a pointer
    };

    template <typename TValue>
    struct PageBucketExtended : public PageBucket< TValue > {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        int         pageNo;                    // related page (needed by merger sort)
    };

    template <typename TValue>
    std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const PageBucketExtended<TValue> &pb) {
//IOREV _ _nodoc_
        for(TValue *cur = pb.begin; cur != pb.end; cur++)
            out << *cur << " ";
        return out;
    }


    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // meta-function interface

    template <typename TValue>
    struct Value< PageBucket<TValue> >        { typedef TValue Type; };

    template <typename TValue>
    struct Size< PageBucket<TValue> >        { typedef size_t Type; };

    template <typename TValue>
    struct Iterator< PageBucket<TValue>, Standard >            { typedef TValue *Type; };

    template <typename TValue>
    struct Iterator< PageBucket<TValue> const, Standard >    { typedef TValue const *Type; };

    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    template <typename TFilePos, typename TSize>
    struct FilePageRequest
    {
        enum FilePageRequestMode {
            MODE_RDONLY = 1,
            MODE_WRONLY = 2,
            MODE_RDWR   = 3
        };

        TFilePos            filePos;
        TSize               size;
        FilePageRequestMode mode;

        FilePageRequest() : filePos(0), size(0), mode(MODE_RDONLY)
        {}
    };

    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    enum PageFrameState
    {
        UNUSED,
        READING,
        READING_DONE,
        PREPROCESSING,
        PREPROCESSING_DONE,
        READY,
        POSTPROCESSING,
        POSTPROCESSING_DONE,
        WRITING,
        WRITING_DONE
    };

    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // page frame of dynamic size

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile>
    struct Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Dynamic> > :
        public Buffer<TValue>
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        typedef Buffer<TValue>                      TBase;
        typedef TFile                               File;
        typedef typename Size<TFile>::Type          TFileSize;
        typedef typename AsyncRequest<TFile>::Type  AsyncRequest;
        typedef FilePageRequest<TFileSize, size_t>  TFilePageRequest;

        TFilePageRequest pageRequest;

        bool            dirty;        // data needs to be written to disk before freeing
        unsigned        pageNo;        // maps frames to pages (reverse vector mapper)
        AsyncRequest    request;    // request structure of the async io process
        PageFrameState  status;
        Buffer          *next;      // next buffer in a chained list

        Buffer():
            TBase(),
            dirty(false),
            pageNo(std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max()),
            status(READY),
            next(NULL) {}

        Buffer(Buffer & other, Move) :
            TBase(other),
            dirty(other.dirty),
            pageNo(other.pageNo),
            request(other.request, Move()),
            status(other.status),
            next(other.next)
        {}

        Buffer(Buffer && other) :
            TBase(other),
            dirty(other.dirty),
            pageNo(other.pageNo),
            request(other.request, Move()),
            status(other.status),
            next(other.next)
        {}

    private:
        Buffer(Buffer const &)
        {}
    };

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile>
    struct HasMoveConstructor<Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Dynamic> > > : True {};

    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // page frame of static size


    typedef std::list<Position<String<void*> >::Type> PageLRUList;    // least recently usage list
    typedef PageLRUList::iterator PageLRUEntry;

    template < typename TValue,
               typename TFile,
               size_t SEQAN_PAGESIZE_ >
    struct Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Fixed<SEQAN_PAGESIZE_> > >
    {
        typedef TFile                                       File;
        typedef typename AsyncRequest<TFile>::Type          AsyncRequest;
        typedef    typename Iterator<Buffer, Standard>::Type   TIterator;

        enum            { SEQAN_PAGESIZE = SEQAN_PAGESIZE_ };
        enum DataStatus    { ON_DISK = -1, UNINITIALIZED = -2 };
        enum Priority    { NORMAL_LEVEL = 0, PREFETCH_LEVEL = 1, ITERATOR_LEVEL = 2, PERMANENT_LEVEL = 3 };

        TIterator       begin;
        TIterator       end;
        AsyncRequest    request;    // request structure of the async io process
        PageFrameState  status;
        DataStatus        dataStatus;
        PageLRUEntry    lruEntry;   // priority based lru
        Priority        priority;
        int             pageNo;        // maps frames to pages (reverse vector mapper)
        bool            dirty;        // data needs to be written to disk before freeing

        Buffer():
            begin(NULL),
            end(NULL)
        {
            clear(*this);
        }

        Buffer(Buffer & other, Move):
            begin(other.begin),
            end(other.end),
            request(other.request, Move()),
            status(other.status),
            dataStatus(other.dataStatus),
            lruEntry(other.lruEntry),
            priority(other.priority),
            pageNo(other.pageNo),
            dirty(other.dirty)
        {}

        Buffer(Buffer && other) :
            begin(other.begin),
            end(other.end),
            request(other.request, Move()),
            status(other.status),
            dataStatus(other.dataStatus),
            lruEntry(other.lruEntry),
            priority(other.priority),
            pageNo(other.pageNo),
            dirty(other.dirty)
        {}

        template <typename TPos>
        inline TValue &
        operator[] (TPos i)
        {
            return begin[i];
        }

        template <typename TPos>
        inline TValue const &
        operator[] (TPos i) const
        {
            return begin[i];
        }

    private:
        Buffer(Buffer const &)
        {}
    };

    template < typename TValue,
               typename TFile,
               size_t SEQAN_PAGESIZE_ >
    struct HasMoveConstructor<Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Fixed<SEQAN_PAGESIZE_> > > > : True {};


    template < typename TValue,
               typename TFile,
               size_t SEQAN_PAGESIZE_ >
    inline void
    clear(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Fixed<SEQAN_PAGESIZE_> > > &me)
    {
        typedef Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Fixed<SEQAN_PAGESIZE_> > > TPageFrame;
        me.status = READY;
        me.dataStatus = TPageFrame::UNINITIALIZED;
        me.priority = TPageFrame::NORMAL_LEVEL;
        me.pageNo = -1;
        me.dirty = false;
    }


    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // a memory-mapped page frame
/*
    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TConfig>
    struct PageFrame< TValue, TFile, MMap<TConfig> >: public Buffer<TValue>
    {
        typedef Buffer<TValue> TBase;

        enum Status        { READY, READING, WRITING };

        unsigned           pageNo;        // maps frames to pages (reverse vector mapper)
        Status            status;
        PageFrame       *next;      // next buffer in a chained list

        PageFrame():
            TBase(),
            pageNo(std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max()),
            next(NULL) {}
    };
*/

    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // meta-function interface

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, size_t SEQAN_PAGESIZE>
    struct Iterator<Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Fixed<SEQAN_PAGESIZE> > >, Standard >
    {
        typedef VolatilePtr<TValue> Type;
    };

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, size_t SEQAN_PAGESIZE>
    struct Iterator<Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Fixed<SEQAN_PAGESIZE> > > const, Standard >
    {
        typedef VolatilePtr<TValue> const Type;
    };




    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // various page frame methods

    inline const char *
    _pageFrameStatusString(PageFrameState state)
    {
        switch (state)
        {
            case UNUSED:
                return "UNUSED";
            case READING:
                return "READING";
            case READING_DONE:
                return "READING_DONE";
            case PREPROCESSING:
                return "PREPROCESSING";
            case PREPROCESSING_DONE:
                return "PREPROCESSING_DONE";
            case READY:
                return "READY";
            case POSTPROCESSING:
                return "POSTPROCESSING";
            case POSTPROCESSING_DONE:
                return "POSTPROCESSING_DONE";
            case WRITING:
                return "WRITING";
            case WRITING_DONE:
                return "WRITING_DONE";
            default:
                return "UNKNOWN";
        }
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TSpec>
    std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, TSpec> > &pf)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        out << "PageFrame @ " << pf.pageNo;
        if (pf.dirty)
            out << " DIRTY ";
        else
            out << " CLEAN ";

        out << _pageFrameStatusString(pf.status);

//        if (pf.dataStatus == pf.ON_DISK)
//            out << " ON_DISK";
//        else
//            out << " UNITIALIZED";
//
//        out << " Prio:" << pf.priority;
        out << " Buffer:" << (void*)pf.begin;

        return out;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TSpec, typename T> inline
    void allocPage(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, TSpec> > &pf, T const & me)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        TValue* tmp = NULL;
        allocate(me, tmp, capacity(pf));
        //bzero(tmp, sizeof(TValue) * capacity(pf));
        pf.begin = tmp;
        #ifdef SEQAN_VVERBOSE
            std::cerr << "allocPage: " << std::hex << &pf << '\t' << tmp << std::dec << std::endl;
        #endif
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TSpec, typename T> inline
    void freePage(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, TSpec> > &pf, T const & me)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        #ifdef SEQAN_VVERBOSE
            if ((void*)pf.begin)
                std::cerr << "freePage:  " << std::hex << &pf << '\t' << (void*)pf.begin << std::dec << std::endl;
        #endif
        nukeCopies(pf.begin);
        deallocate(me, (TValue*)pf.begin, capacity(pf));
        pf.begin = NULL;
        resize(pf, 0);
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TSpec> inline
    bool readPage(int pageNo, Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, TSpec> > &pf, TFile &file)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        typedef typename Position<TFile>::Type TPos;
        #ifdef SEQAN_VVERBOSE
            std::cerr << "readPage:  " << std::hex << &pf << '\t' << (void*)pf.begin;
            std::cerr << " from page " << std::dec << pageNo << std::endl;
        #endif
        pf.dirty = false;
        pf.status = READING;
//        resize(pf, capacity(pf));

        bool readResult = asyncReadAt(file, (TValue*)pf.begin, length(pf), (TPos)pageNo * (TPos)capacity(pf), pf.request);

        // TODO(weese): Throw an I/O exception
        if (!readResult)
            SEQAN_FAIL("%s operation could not be initiated: \"%s\"", _pageFrameStatusString(pf.status), strerror(errno));

        return readResult;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TSpec> inline
    bool unmapPage(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, TSpec> > &pf, TFile &)
    {
        if (pf.begin)
        {
#ifdef STDLIB_VS
#else
            munmap(pf.begin, length(pf) * sizeof(TValue));
#endif
            pf.begin = NULL;
        }
        return true;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TSpec, typename TSize> inline
    bool mapReadPage(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, TSpec> > &pf, TFile &file, TSize size)
    {
        typedef typename Position<TFile>::Type TPos;
        unmapPage(pf, file);
        pf.status = READY;
        SEQAN_ASSERT_GT(size, 0);

#ifdef STDLIB_VS
#if 0
        DWORD prot = 0;
        DWORD access = 0;
        if ((me._openMode & OPEN_MASK) == OPEN_RDONLY)
        {
            prot = PAGE_READONLY;
            access = FILE_MAP_READ;
        } else {
            prot = PAGE_READWRITE;
            access = FILE_MAP_ALL_ACCESS;
        }
        LARGE_INTEGER largeSize;
        largeSize.QuadPart = new_capacity;
        largeSize.QuadPart *= sizeof(TValue);

        me.handle = CreateFileMapping(file.handle, &MMapStringDefaultAttributes, prot, largeSize.HighPart, largeSize.LowPart, NULL);
        if (me.handle == NULL)
        {
            SEQAN_FAIL(
                "CreateFileMapping(%d, %d, 0, 0, 0) failed in mapReadPage: \"%s\"",
                file.handle, access, strerror(errno));
        #if SEQAN_ENABLE_DEBUG
            std::cerr << "CreateFileMapping failed. (ErrNo=" << GetLastError() << ")" << std::endl;
        #endif
            return false;
        }

        pf.begin = (TValue *) MapViewOfFile(pf.handle, access, 0, 0, 0);
        if (pf.begin == NULL)
        {
            SEQAN_FAIL(
                "MapViewOfFile(%d, %d, 0, 0, 0) failed in mapReadPage: \"%s\"",
                pf.handle, access, strerror(errno));
            return false;
        }

        me.data_begin = (TValue *) addr;
#endif
#else
        pf.begin = (TValue*)mmap(NULL, size * sizeof(TValue), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, file.handle, (TPos)pf.pageNo * (TPos)capacity(pf) * (TPos)sizeof(TValue));

        if (pf.begin == MAP_FAILED)
        {
            pf.begin = pf.end = NULL;
            SEQAN_FAIL(
                "mmap(NULL, %llu, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, %d, %llu) failed in mapReadPage: \"%s\"",
                size * sizeof(TValue), file.handle, (TPos)pf.pageNo * (TPos)capacity(pf) * (TPos)sizeof(TValue), strerror(errno));
            return false;
        }
#endif
        pf.end = pf.begin + size;
        return true;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TSpec, typename TSize> inline
    bool mapWritePage(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, TSpec> > &pf, TFile &file, TSize size)
    {
        typedef typename Position<TFile>::Type TPos;
        unmapPage(pf, file);
        pf.status = READY;
        SEQAN_ASSERT_GT(size, 0u);

#ifdef STDLIB_VS
#else
        pf.begin = (TValue*)mmap(NULL, size * sizeof(TValue), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, file.handle, (TPos)pf.pageNo * (TPos)capacity(pf) * (TPos)sizeof(TValue));

        if (pf.begin == MAP_FAILED)
        {
            pf.begin = pf.end = NULL;
            SEQAN_FAIL(
                "mmap(NULL, %llu, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, %d, %llu) failed in mapWritePage: \"%s\"",
                size * sizeof(TValue), file.handle, (TPos)pf.pageNo * (TPos)capacity(pf) * (TPos)sizeof(TValue), strerror(errno));
            return false;
        }
#endif
        pf.end = pf.begin + size;
        return true;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TSpec> inline
    bool writePage(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, TSpec> > &pf, int pageNo, TFile &file)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        typedef typename Position<TFile>::Type TPos;
        #ifdef SEQAN_VVERBOSE
            std::cerr << "writePage: " << std::hex << &pf << '\t' << (void*)pf.begin;
            std::cerr << " from page " << std::dec << pageNo << std::endl;
        #endif
        pf.status = WRITING;
//        resize(pf, capacity(pf));

        bool writeResult = asyncWriteAt(file, (TValue*)pf.begin, length(pf), (TPos)pageNo * (TPos)capacity(pf), pf.request);

        // TODO(weese): Throw an I/O exception
        if (!writeResult)
            SEQAN_FAIL("%s operation could not be initiated: \"%s\"", _pageFrameStatusString(pf.status), strerror(errno));

        return writeResult;
    }

    template < typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TSpec, typename TSize> inline
    bool readLastPage(int pageNo, Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, TSpec> > &pf, TFile &file, TSize size)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        typedef typename Position<TFile>::Type TPos;
        #ifdef SEQAN_VVERBOSE
            std::cerr << "readPage:  " << std::hex << &pf << '\t' << (void*)pf.begin;
            std::cerr << " from page " << std::dec << pageNo << " size " << size << std::endl;
        #endif
        pf.dirty = false;
        pf.status = READY;
//        resize(pf, size);

        bool readResult = readAt(file, (TValue*)pf.begin, size, (TPos)pageNo * (TPos)capacity(pf));

        // TODO(weese): Throw an I/O exception
        if (!readResult)
            SEQAN_FAIL("%s operation could not be initiated: \"%s\"", _pageFrameStatusString(pf.status), strerror(errno));

        return readResult;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TSpec, typename TSize> inline
    bool writeLastPage(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, TSpec> > &pf, int pageNo, TFile &file, TSize size)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        typedef typename Position<TFile>::Type TPos;
        #ifdef SEQAN_VVERBOSE
            std::cerr << "writePage: " << std::hex << &pf << '\t' << (void*)pf.begin;
            std::cerr << " from page " << std::dec << pageNo << " size " << size << std::endl;
        #endif
        pf.dirty = false;
        pf.status = READY;
//        resize(pf, size);

        bool writeResult = writeAt(file, (TValue*)pf.begin, size, (TPos)pageNo * (TPos)capacity(pf));

        // TODO(weese): Throw an I/O exception
        if (!writeResult)
            SEQAN_FAIL("%s operation could not be initiated: \"%s\"", _pageFrameStatusString(pf.status), strerror(errno));

        return writeResult;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TSpec> inline
    bool waitFor(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, TSpec> > &pf)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_ equally named functions with different purposes in system_thread.h, system_event.h and file_async.h
        if (pf.status == READY)
            return true;

        bool waitResult = waitFor(pf.request);

        // TODO(weese): Throw an I/O exception
        if (!waitResult)
        {
            //printRequest(pf.request);
            SEQAN_FAIL("%s operation could not be completed: \"%s\"", _pageFrameStatusString(pf.status), strerror(errno));
        }

        pf.status = READY;
        pf.dirty = false;
        return waitResult;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TSpec, typename TTime> inline
    bool waitFor(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, TSpec> > &pf, TTime timeOut, bool &inProgress)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_ equally named functions with different purposes in system_thread.h, system_event.h and file_async.h (none documented)
        if (pf.status == READY)
        {
            inProgress = false;
            return true;
        }

        bool waitResult = waitFor(pf.request, timeOut, inProgress);

        // TODO(weese): Throw an I/O exception
        if (!waitResult)
        {
            //printRequest(pf.request);
            SEQAN_FAIL("%s operation could not be completed: \"%s\"", _pageFrameStatusString(pf.status), strerror(errno));
        }

        if (!inProgress)
        {
            pf.status = READY;
            pf.dirty = false;
        }
        return waitResult;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile, typename TSpec> inline
    bool cancel(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, TSpec> > &pf, TFile &file)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_ equally named functions with different purposes in pipe/pool_*.h, system_thread.h, and file_async.h (only the latter documented)
        bool dummy;
        waitFor(pf, 0, dummy);
        if (pf.status != READY)
        {
            if (!cancel(file, pf.request)) return false;
            pf.status = READY;
        }
        return true;
    }

    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // page based read/write methods used by Pool classes

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile> inline
    bool readPage(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Dynamic> > &pf, TFile &file)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        if (length(pf) == capacity(pf))
            return readPage(pf.pageNo, pf, file);
        else
            return readLastPage(pf.pageNo, pf, file, length(pf));
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile> inline
    bool writePage(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Dynamic> > &pf, TFile &file)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        if (length(pf) == capacity(pf))
            return writePage(pf, pf.pageNo, file);
        else
            return writeLastPage(pf, pf.pageNo, file, length(pf));
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile> inline
    unsigned readBucket(PageBucket<TValue> &b, int pageNo, size_t pageSize, size_t dataSize, TFile &file)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        typedef typename Position<TFile>::Type TPos;
        size_t readSize = _min(dataSize - b.pageOfs, (size_t)(b.end - b.begin));
        #ifdef SEQAN_VVERBOSE
            std::cerr << "readBucket:  " << std::hex << b.begin;
            std::cerr << " from page " << std::dec << pageNo << " at " << (TPos)pageNo * (TPos)pageSize + b.pageOfs;
            std::cerr << " size " << readSize << std::endl;
        #endif
        if (readSize && readAt(file, b.begin, readSize, (TPos)pageNo * (TPos)pageSize + b.pageOfs)) {
            b.pageOfs += readSize;
            b.cur = b.begin;
            b.end = b.begin + readSize;
            return readSize;
        } else
            return 0;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TFile> inline
    bool writeBucket(PageBucket<TValue> &b, int pageNo, size_t pageSize, TFile &file)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        typedef typename Position<TFile>::Type TPos;
        #ifdef SEQAN_VVERBOSE
            std::cerr << "writeBucket: " << std::hex << b.begin;
            std::cerr << " from page " << std::dec << pageNo << " at " << (TPos)pageNo * (TPos)pageSize + b.pageOfs;
            std::cerr << " size " << b.cur - b.begin << std::endl;
        #endif
        if ((b.cur == b.begin) || writeAt(file, b.begin, b.cur - b.begin, (TPos)pageNo * (TPos)pageSize + b.pageOfs)) {
            b.pageOfs += b.cur - b.begin;
            b.cur = b.begin;
            return true;
        } else
            return false;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TPageOfs, typename TFile> inline
    bool writeBucket(Buffer<TValue, PageFrame<TFile, Dynamic> > &pf, TPageOfs &pageOfs, TFile &file)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        typedef typename Position<TFile>::Type TPos;
        #ifdef SEQAN_VVERBOSE
            std::cerr << "writeBucket: " << std::hex << pf.begin;
            std::cerr << " from page " << std::dec << pf.pageNo << " at " << (TPos)pf.pageNo * (TPos)capacity(pf) + pageOfs;
            std::cerr << " size " << length(pf) << std::endl;
        #endif
        if (pf.end == pf.begin) return true;
        if (asyncWriteAt(file, pf.begin, length(pf), (TPos)pf.pageNo * (TPos)capacity(pf) + pageOfs, pf.request)) {
            pf.status = WRITING;
            pageOfs += length(pf);
            return true;
        } else
            return false;
    }


//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

template <typename TPageFrame>
struct PageChain
{
//IOREV _nodoc_
    TPageFrame          *first, *last;
    unsigned            frames, maxFrames;

    PageChain(unsigned _maxFrames = 0):
        first(NULL),
        last(NULL),
        frames(0),
        maxFrames(_maxFrames)
    {
        for(unsigned i = 0; i < _maxFrames; ++i)
            pushBack(*this, *(new TPageFrame()));
    }

    ~PageChain()
    {
        while (!empty(*this))
            delete &popFront(*this);
    }

    inline TPageFrame & operator[](int k)
    {
        TPageFrame *p = first;
        for (; k > 0; --k)
            p = p->next;
        return *p;
    }

    inline TPageFrame const & operator[](int k) const
    {
        TPageFrame *p = first;
        for (; k > 0; --k)
            p = p->next;
        return *p;
    }

    inline TPageFrame * getReadyPage()
    {
        if (empty(*this))
            return &pushBack(*this, *(new TPageFrame()));

        if (frames < maxFrames)
        {
            bool inProgress;
            bool waitResult = waitFor(*first, 0, inProgress);

            // TODO(weese): Throw an I/O exception
            if (!waitResult)
                SEQAN_FAIL("%s operation could not be completed: \"%s\"", _pageFrameStatusString(first->status), strerror(errno));

            if (!inProgress)
                return &pushBack(*this, *(new TPageFrame()));
        }

        bool waitResult = waitFor(*first);

        // TODO(weese): Throw an I/O exception
        if (!waitResult)
            SEQAN_FAIL("%s operation could not be completed: \"%s\"", _pageFrameStatusString(first->status), strerror(errno));

        return &firstToEnd(*this);
    }

    template <typename TFile>
    inline void cancelAll(TFile &file)
    {
        TPageFrame *p = first;
        for (; p != NULL; p = p->next)
            cancel(*p, file);
    }

    inline void waitForAll()
    {
        for (TPageFrame *p = first; p != NULL; p = p->next)
        {
            bool waitResult = waitFor(*p);

            // TODO(weese): Throw an I/O exception
            if (!waitResult)
                SEQAN_FAIL("%s operation could not be completed: \"%s\"", _pageFrameStatusString(p->status), strerror(errno));
        }
    }
};

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// meta-function interface

template <typename TPageFrame>
struct Value< PageChain<TPageFrame> >
{
    typedef TPageFrame Type;
};

template <typename TPageFrame>
struct Size< PageChain<TPageFrame> >
{
    typedef unsigned Type;
};

template <typename TPageFrame>
struct Iterator< PageChain<TPageFrame> >
{
    typedef TPageFrame *Type;
};

template <typename TPageFrame>
struct Iterator< PageChain<TPageFrame> const >
{
    typedef TPageFrame const *Type;
};


template <typename TPageFrame>
inline bool
empty(PageChain<TPageFrame> &pageChain)
{
    return pageChain.first == NULL;
}

template <typename TPageFrame>
inline unsigned
length(PageChain<TPageFrame> &pageChain)
{
    return pageChain.frames;
}

template <typename TPageFrame>
inline TPageFrame &
front(PageChain<TPageFrame> &pageChain)
{
    return *pageChain.first;
}

template <typename TPageFrame>
inline TPageFrame &
back(PageChain<TPageFrame> &pageChain)
{
    return *pageChain.last;
}

//
// append a PageFrame at the end of this chain
//
template <typename TPageFrame>
inline TPageFrame &
pushBack(PageChain<TPageFrame> &pageChain, TPageFrame &pageFrame)
{
    if (pageChain.last != NULL)
        pageChain.last->next = &pageFrame;
    else
        pageChain.first = &pageFrame;

    pageChain.last = &pageFrame;
    pageFrame.next = NULL;
    ++pageChain.frames;

    return pageFrame;
}

//
// remove a PageFrame from this chain
//
template <typename TPageFrame>
inline TPageFrame &
erase(PageChain<TPageFrame> &pageChain, TPageFrame & pageFrame)
{
    TPageFrame *prev = NULL;
    TPageFrame *p;

    for (p = pageChain.first; p != NULL; p = p->next)
    {
        if (p == &pageFrame)
        {
            // found it, now detach from neighbors
            if (prev == NULL)
                pageChain.first = p->next;
            else
                prev->next = p->next;

            p->next = NULL;

            // were we the last?
            if (pageChain.last == p)
                pageChain.last = prev;

            --pageChain.frames;
            break;
        }
        prev = p;
    }
    // we assert that the page has been found
    SEQAN_ASSERT(p != NULL);
    return pageFrame;
}

template <typename TPageFrame>
inline TPageFrame &
popFront(PageChain<TPageFrame> &pageChain)
{
    // equivalent to erase(front())
    TPageFrame *p = pageChain.first;
    if (p != NULL)
    {
        pageChain.first = p->next;
        p->next = NULL;
        if (pageChain.first == NULL)
            pageChain.last = NULL;
        --pageChain.frames;
    }
    else
        SEQAN_FAIL("pop() was called on an empty PageChain.");
    return *p;
}

//
// move first page to the end of this chain
// return the moved page
//
template <typename TPageFrame>
inline TPageFrame &
firstToEnd(PageChain<TPageFrame> &pageChain)
{
    // equivalent to pushBack(popFront())
    pageChain.last->next = pageChain.first;
    pageChain.last = pageChain.first;
    pageChain.first = pageChain.first->next;
    pageChain.last->next = NULL;
    return *pageChain.last;
}




    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // page container with lru mechanism
    // the lru strategy uses different priorities
    // the page with the least priority is used first
    // 0..random access pages
    // 1..forward iterator pages
    // 2..quasi permanent pages

    template < typename TPageFrame,
               unsigned FRAMES,
               unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS = TPageFrame::PERMANENT_LEVEL + 1 >
    struct PageContainer
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_ has some in-code comments
        typedef String<TPageFrame>                    TPages;
        typedef typename Position<TPages>::Type        TPos;

        enum { PriorityLevels = PRIORITY_LEVELS };

        TPages            pages;
        PageLRUList        *lruList;

        PageContainer()
        {
            lruList = new PageLRUList[PRIORITY_LEVELS];
            resize(pages, FRAMES, Exact());
            for(TPos i = 0; i < FRAMES; ++i)
                pages[i].lruEntry = lruList[0].insert(lruList[0].end(), i);
        }

        ~PageContainer()
        {
            delete[] lruList;
        }

        inline TPageFrame       & operator[](TPos i)       { return pages[i]; }
        inline TPageFrame const & operator[](TPos i) const { return pages[i]; }

        inline void push_back()
        {
            TPos last = length(pages);
            resize(pages, last + 1);
            pages[last].lruEntry = lruList[0].insert(lruList[0].end(), last);
        }

        inline void erase(int frameNo)
        {
            lruList[pages[frameNo].priority].erase(pages[frameNo].lruEntry);
            seqan2::erase(pages, frameNo);
        }

        inline void rename(int frameNo)
        {
            *(pages[frameNo].lruEntry) = frameNo;
        }

        inline void pop_back()
        {
            lruList[back(pages).priority].erase(back(pages).lruEntry);
            seqan2::erase(pages, endPosition(pages) - 1);
        }

        inline void _print()
        {
            std::cout << std::endl;
            for(TPos i = 0; i < FRAMES; ++i)
                std::cout << pages[i] << std::endl;
        }

        //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        // lru strategy interface

        inline void upgrade(const TPageFrame &pf)
        {
            lruList[pf.priority].splice(lruList[pf.priority].begin(), lruList[pf.priority], pf.lruEntry);
            pf.lruEntry = lruList[pf.priority].begin();
        }

        inline void downgrade(const TPageFrame &pf)
        {
            lruList[pf.priority].splice(lruList[pf.priority].end(), lruList[pf.priority], pf.lruEntry);
            pf.lruEntry = lruList[pf.priority].end();
            --pf.lruEntry;
        }

        inline void upgrade(TPageFrame &pf, int newPriority)
        {
            lruList[newPriority].splice(lruList[newPriority].begin(), lruList[pf.priority], pf.lruEntry);
            pf.lruEntry = lruList[newPriority].begin();
            pf.priority = static_cast<typename TPageFrame::Priority> (newPriority);
        }

        inline void downgrade(TPageFrame &pf, int newPriority)
        {
            lruList[newPriority].splice(lruList[newPriority].end(), lruList[pf.priority], pf.lruEntry);
            pf.lruEntry = lruList[newPriority].end();
            --pf.lruEntry;
            pf.priority = static_cast<typename TPageFrame::Priority> (newPriority);
        }

        inline void _dump()
        {
            for(unsigned i = 0; i < PRIORITY_LEVELS; ++i) {
                std::cerr << "|";
                PageLRUList::const_iterator I = lruList[i].end();
                PageLRUList::const_iterator first = lruList[i].begin();
                while (I != first) {
                    --I;
                    TPageFrame &pf = pages[*I];
                    std::cerr << pf.pageNo;
                    if (pf.dirty) std::cerr << "*";
                    else          std::cerr << " ";
                    if (pf.status == READY) std::cerr << "  ";
                    else                    std::cerr << ". ";
                };
            }
            std::cerr << std::endl;
        }

        // Function is a functor which is called with a PageFrame object,
        // that is dirty or not READY (in an IO transfer)
        template <class Function>
        inline int mru(Function Func_, unsigned maxLevel = PRIORITY_LEVELS - 1)
        {
            for(unsigned i = 0; i <= maxLevel; ++i) {
                PageLRUList::const_iterator I = lruList[i].end();
                PageLRUList::const_iterator first = lruList[i].begin();
                while (I != first) {
                    --I;
                    TPageFrame& pf = pages[*I];
                    if (pf.status == READY && !pf.dirty)
                        return *I;
                    else
                        if (Func_(pf)) return *I;
                };
            }
            #ifdef SEQAN_VVERBOSE
                std::cerr << "ALL PAGES DIRTY OR IN USE (try to use const iterators) :-(" << std::endl;
            #endif
            return -1;
        }

        inline int mruDirty()
        {
            for(unsigned i = 0; i < PRIORITY_LEVELS; ++i)
                if (!lruList[i].empty())
                    return lruList[i].back();
            return -1;
        }
    };


    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // meta-function interface

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS>
    struct Host< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> >
    {
        typedef String<TPageFrame> Type;
    };

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS>
    struct Host< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> const >
    {
        typedef String<TPageFrame> const Type;
    };

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS>
    struct Value< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> >
    {
        typedef TPageFrame Type;
    };

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS>
    struct Size< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> >:
        public Size< typename Host< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> >::Type> {};

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS>
    struct Position< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> >:
        public Position< typename Host< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> >::Type> {};

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS>
    struct Iterator< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> >:
        public Iterator< typename Host< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> >::Type> {};

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS>
    struct Iterator< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> const >:
        public Iterator< typename Host< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> const>::Type> {};


    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // global interface

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS, typename TExpand>
    inline void reserve(
        PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> &pageCont,
        unsigned Count_,
        Tag<TExpand> expand)
    {
        reserve(pageCont.pages, Count_, expand);
    }

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS>
    inline void resize(
        PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> &pageCont,
        unsigned Count_)
    {
        unsigned Size_ = length(pageCont.pages);
        if (Size_ < Count_) {
            reserve(pageCont.pages, Count_);
            for(unsigned i = Size_; i < Count_; ++i)
                pageCont.push_back();
        } else
            if (Size_ > Count_)
                for(unsigned i = Count_; i < Size_; ++i)
                    pageCont.pop_back();
    }

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS>
    inline typename Size< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> >::Type
    length(PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> const &pageCont)
    {
        return length(pageCont.pages);
    }

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS>
    inline typename Iterator< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS>, Standard >::Type
    begin(
        PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> &pageCont,
        Standard const)
    {
        return begin(pageCont.pages, Standard());
    }

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS>
    inline typename Iterator< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> const, Standard >::Type
    begin(
        PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> const &pageCont,
        Standard const)
    {
        return begin(pageCont.pages, Standard());
    }

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS>
    inline typename Iterator< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS>, Standard >::Type
    end(
        PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> &pageCont,
        Standard const)
    {
        return end(pageCont.pages, Standard());
    }

    template <typename TPageFrame, unsigned FRAMES, unsigned PRIORITY_LEVELS>
    inline typename Iterator< PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> const, Standard >::Type
    end(
        PageContainer<TPageFrame, FRAMES, PRIORITY_LEVELS> const &pageCont,
        Standard const)
    {
        return end(pageCont.pages, Standard());
    }




    //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    template <typename TValue, typename TSize, typename T, class Function>
    inline bool equiDistantDistribution(
        Buffer<TValue> &_clusterBuffer, size_t _bufferSize, T const &me,
        TSize _size, size_t _pageSize,
        Function const &Func_)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
//        std::cerr << "equiDistantDistribution: size=" << _size << "\tpageSize=" << _pageSize << std::endl;
        unsigned _pages         = enclosingBlocks(_size, _pageSize);
        if (!_pages) {
            std::cerr << "equiDistantDistribution: _pages is null!" << std::endl;
            return false;
        }

        if (_bufferSize < _pages) {
            std::cerr << "equiDistantDistribution: clusterBufferSize is too small -> raised to " << _pages << std::endl;
            _bufferSize = _pages;
        }

        size_t lastPageSize = _size % _pageSize;
        unsigned pages      = _pages;

        if ((TSize)_bufferSize > _size)
            _bufferSize = _size;

        allocPage(_clusterBuffer, _bufferSize, me);
        PageBucketExtended<TValue> pb;
        pb.begin = _clusterBuffer.begin;

        size_t clusterSize = _bufferSize / pages;
//        std::cerr << "equiDistantDistribution: pages=" << _pages << "\tclusterSize=" << clusterSize << std::endl;
        if (lastPageSize > 0 && clusterSize >= lastPageSize) {
            // last page bucket would get more memory than page would need
            // --> exclude from equi-size distribution
            if (--pages) {
                _bufferSize -= lastPageSize;
                clusterSize = _bufferSize / pages;
            }
        }

        if (pages) {
            size_t remainder = _bufferSize % pages;
            for(unsigned i = 0, numerator = 0; i < pages; ++i) {
                pb.end = pb.begin + clusterSize;
                if ((numerator += remainder) >= pages) {    // simple bresenham for distribution
                    numerator -= pages;
                    ++pb.end;
                }
                pb.cur = pb.begin;
                pb.pageOfs = 0;
                Func_(pb);
                pb.begin = pb.end;
            }
        }

        if (pages < _pages) {
            pb.end = pb.begin + lastPageSize;
            pb.cur = pb.begin;
            pb.pageOfs = 0;
            Func_(pb);
        }

        return true;
    }

    template <typename TValue, typename TSize, typename T, class Function>
    inline unsigned equiDistantAlignedDistribution(
        Buffer<TValue> &_clusterBuffer, size_t aligning, size_t _bufferSize, T const &me,
        TSize _size, size_t _pageSize,
        Function const &Func_)
    {
//IOREV _nodoc_
        unsigned _pages         = enclosingBlocks(_size, _pageSize);
//        std::cerr << "equiDistantAlignedDistribution: size=" << _size << "\tpageSize=" << _pageSize << std::endl;
        if (!_pages) {
            std::cerr << "equiDistantAlignedDistribution: _pages is null!" << std::endl;
            return 0;
        }

        if (_bufferSize < _pages) {
            std::cerr << "equiDistantAlignedDistribution: clusterBufferSize is too small -> raised to " << _pages << std::endl;
            _bufferSize = _pages;
        }

        size_t lastPageSize = _size % _pageSize;
        unsigned pages      = _pages;

        if ((TSize)_bufferSize > _size)
            _bufferSize = _size;

        size_t clusterSize = _bufferSize / pages;
        size_t aclusterSize = (clusterSize / aligning) * aligning;
        if (clusterSize - aclusterSize > aligning / 2)
            aclusterSize += aligning;

//        std::cerr << "equiDistantAlignedDistribution: pages=" << _pages << "\tclusterSize=" << aclusterSize << std::endl;

        if (aclusterSize != 0) {

            if (lastPageSize > 0 && aclusterSize > lastPageSize) {
                // last page bucket would get more memory than page would need
                // --> exclude from equi-size distribution
                --pages;
                allocPage(_clusterBuffer, aclusterSize * pages + lastPageSize, me);
            } else
                allocPage(_clusterBuffer, aclusterSize * pages, me);

            PageBucketExtended<TValue> pb;
            pb.begin = _clusterBuffer.begin;

            if (pages) {
                for(unsigned i = 0; i < pages; ++i) {
                    pb.end = pb.begin + aclusterSize;
                    pb.cur = pb.begin;
                    pb.pageOfs = 0;
                    Func_(pb);
                    pb.begin = pb.end;
                }
            }

            if (pages < _pages) {
                pb.end = pb.begin + lastPageSize;
                pb.cur = pb.begin;
                pb.pageOfs = 0;
                Func_(pb);
            }
        }

        return aclusterSize;
    }

}

#endif
