# Collection Processing Engine Descriptor Reference

CPE Descriptor Reference

A UIMA Collection Processing Engine (CPE) is a combination of UIMA components assembled to analyze a collection of artifacts. A CPE is an instantiation of the UIMA Collection Processing Architecture, which defines the collection processing components, interfaces, and APIs. A CPE is executed by a UIMA framework component called the Collection Processing Manager (CPM), which provides a number of services for deploying CPEs, running CPEs, and handling errors.

A CPE can be assembled programmatically within a Java application, or it can be assembled declaratively via a CPE configuration specification, called a CPE Descriptor. This chapter describes the format of the CPE Descriptor.

Details about the CPE, including its function, sub-components, APIs, and related tools, can be found in . Here we briefly summarize the CPE to define terms and provide context for the later sections that describe the CPE Descriptor.

## CPE Overview

CPE Runtime Overview

CPE Runtime Overview diagram

An illustration of the CPE runtime is shown in . Some of the CPE components, such as the queues and processing pipelines, are internal to the CPE, but their behavior and deployment may be configured using the CPE Descriptor. Other CPE components, such as the Collection Reader and CAS Processors, are defined and configured externally from the CPE and then plugged in to the CPE to create the overall engine. The parts of a CPE are:

Collection Reader

  understands the native data collection format and iterates over the collection producing subjects of analysis

CAS Initializer

Deprecated

  initializes a CAS with a subject of analysis

Artifact Producer

  asynchronously pulls CASes from the Collection Reader, creates batches of CASes and puts them into the work queue

Work Queue

  shared queue containing batches of CASes queued by the Artifact Producer for analysis by Analysis Engines

B1-Bn

  individual batches containing 1 or more CASes

AE1-AEn

  Analysis Engines arranged by a CPE descriptor

Processing Pipelines

  each pipeline runs in a separate thread and contains a replicated set of the Analysis Engines running in the defined sequence

Output Queue

  holds batches of CASes with analysis results intended for CAS Consumers

CAS Consumers

  perform collection level analysis over the CASes and extract analysis results, e.g., creating indexes or databases

## Notation

CPE Descriptors are XML files. This chapter uses an informal notation to specify the syntax of CPE Descriptors.

The notation used in this chapter is:

- An ellipsis (...) inside an element body indicates that the substructure of that element has been omitted (to be described in another section of this chapter). An example of this would be:

      <collectionReader>
      ...
      </collectionReader>

- An ellipsis immediately after an element indicates that the element type may be repeated arbitrarily many times. For example:

      <parameter>[String]</parameter>
      <parameter>[String]</parameter>
      ...

  indicates that there may be arbitrarily many parameter elements in this context.

- An ellipsis inside an element means details of the attributes associated with that element are defined later, e.g.:

      <casProcessor ...>

- Bracketed expressions (e.g. `[String]`) indicate the type of value that may be used at that location.

- A vertical bar, as in `true|false`, indicates alternatives. This can be applied to literal values, bracketed type names, and elements.

Which elements are optional and which are required is specified in prose, not in the syntax definition.

## Imports

As of version 2.2, a CPE Descriptor can use the same `import` mechanism as other component descriptors. This allows referring to component descriptors using either relative paths (resolved relative to the location of the CPE descriptor) or the classpath/datapath. For details see .

The follwing older syntax is still supported, but not recommended:

    <descriptor>
        <include href="[URL or File]"/>
    </descriptor>

The `[URL or File]` attribute is a URL or a filename for the descriptor of the incorporated component. The argument is first attempted to be resolved as a URL.

Relative paths in an `include` are resolved relative to the current working directory (NOT the CPE descriptor location as is the case for `import`). A filename relative to another directory can be specified using the `CPM_HOME` variable, e.g.,

    <descriptor>
        <include href="${CPM_HOME}/desc_dir/descriptor.xml"/>
    </descriptor>

In this case, the value for the `CPM_HOME` variable must be provided to the CPE by specifying it on the Java command line, e.g.,

    java -DCPM_HOME="C:/Program Files/apache/uima/cpm" ...

## CPE Descriptor Overview

A CPE Descriptor consists of information describing the following four main elements.

1. The Collection Reader, which is responsible for gathering artifacts and initializing the Common Analysis Structure (CAS) used to support processing in the UIMA collection processing engine.

2. The CAS Processors, responsible for analyzing individual artifacts, analyzing across artifacts, and extracting analysis results. CAS Processors include Analysis Engines and CAS Consumers.

3. Operational parameters of the Collection Processing Manager (CPM), such as checkpoint frequency and deployment mode.

4. Resource Manager Configuration (optional).

The CPE Descriptor has the following high level skeleton:

    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <cpeDescription>
       <collectionReader>
    ...
       </collectionReader>
       <casProcessors>
    ...
       </casProcessors>
       <cpeConfig>
    ...
       </cpeConfig>
       <resourceManagerConfiguration>
    ...
       </resourceManagerConfiguration>
    </cpeDescription>

Details of each of the four main elements are described in the sections that follow.

## Collection Reader

The `<collectionReader>` section identifies the Collection Reader and optional CAS Initializer that are to be used in the CPE. The Collection Reader is responsible for retrieval of artifacts from a collection outside of the CPE, and the optional CAS Initializer (deprecated as of UIMA Version 2) is responsible for initializing the CAS with the artifact.

A Collection Reader may initialize the CAS itself, in which case it does not require a CAS Initializer. This should be clearly specified in the documentation for the Collection Reader. Specifying a CAS Initializer for a Collection Reader that does not make use of a CAS Initializer will not cause an error, but the specified CAS Initializer will not be used.

The complete structure of the `<collectionReader>` section is:

    <collectionReader>
      <collectionIterator>
        <descriptor>
          <import ...> | <include .../>
        </descriptor>
        <configurationParameterSettings>...</configurationParameterSettings>
        <sofaNameMappings>...</sofaNameMappings>
      </collectionIterator>
      <casInitializer>
        <descriptor>
          <import ...> | <include .../>
        </descriptor>
        <configurationParameterSettings>...</configurationParameterSettings>
        <sofaNameMappings>...</sofaNameMappings>
      </casInitializer>
    </collectionReader>

The `<collectionIterator>` identifies the descriptor for the Collection Reader, and the `<casInitializer>` identifies the descriptor for the CAS Initializer. The format and details of the Collection Reader and CAS Initializer descriptors are described in . The `<configurationParameterSettings>` and the `<sofaNameMappings>` elements are described in the next section.

### Error handling for Collection Readers

The CPM will abort if the Collection Reader throws a large number of consecutive exceptions (default = 100). This default can by changed by using the Java initialization parameter `−DMaxCRErrorThreshold xxx.`

## CAS Processors

The `<casProcessors>` section identifies the components that perform the analysis on the input data, including CAS analysis (Analysis Engines) and analysis results extraction (CAS Consumers). The CAS Consumers may also perform collection level analysis, where the analysis is performed (or aggregated) over multiple CASes. The basic structure of the CAS Processors section is:

    <casProcessors
        dropCasOnException="true|false"
        casPoolSize="[Number]"
        processingUnitThreadCount="[Number]">

      <casProcessor ...>
            ...
      </casProcessor>

      <casProcessor ...>
            ...
      </casProcessor>
        ...
    </casProcessors>

The `<casProcessors>` section has two mandatory attributes and one optional attribute that configure the characteristics of the CAS Processor flow in the CPE. The first mandatory attribute is a casPoolSize, which defines the fixed number of CAS instances that the CPM will create and use during processing. All CAS instances are maintained in a CAS Pool with a check-in and check-out access. Each CAS is checked-out from the CAS Pool by the Collection Reader and initialized with an initial subject of analysis. The CAS is checked-in into the CAS Pool when it is completely processed, at the end of the processing chain. A larger CAS Pool size will result in more memory being used by the CPM. CAS objects can be large and care should be taken to determine the optimum size of the CAS Pool, weighing memory tradeoffs with performance.

The second mandatory `<casProcessors>` attribute is `processingUnitThreadCount`, which specifies the number of replicated Processing Pipelines. Each Processing Pipeline runs in its own thread. The CPM takes CASes from the work queue and submits each CAS to one of the Processing Pipelines for analysis. A Processing Pipeline contains one or more Analysis Engines invoked in a given sequence. If more than one Processing Pipeline is specified, the CPM replicates instances of each Analysis Engine defined in the CPE descriptor. Each Processing Pipeline thread runs independently, consuming CASes from work queue and depositing CASes with analysis results onto the output queue. On multiprocessor machines, multiple Processing Pipelines can run in parallel, improving overall throughput of the CPM.

The number of Processing Pipelines should be equal to or greater than CAS Pool size.

Elements in the pipeline (each represented by a <casProcessor> element) may indicate that they do not permit multiple deployment in their Analysis Engine descriptor. If so, even though multiple pipelines are being used, all CASes passing through the pipelines will be routed through one instance of these marked Engines.

The final, optional, <casProcessors> attribute is `dropCasOnException`. It defines a policy that determines what happens with the CAS when an exception happens during processing. If the value of this attribute is set to true and an exception happens, the CPM will notify all registered listeners of the exception (see ), clear the CAS and check the CAS back into the CAS Pool so that it can be re-used. The presumption is that an exception may leave the CAS in an inconsistent state and therefore that CAS should not be allowed to move through the processing chain. When this attribute is omitted the CPM's default is the same as specifying `dropCasOnException="false"`.

### Specifying an Individual CAS Processor

The CAS Processors that make up the Processing Pipeline and the CAS Consumer pipeline are specified with the `<casProcessor>` entity, which appears within the `<casProcessors>` entity. It may appear multiple times, once for each CAS Processor specified for this CPE.

The order of the `<casProcessor>` entities with the `<casProcessors>` section specifies the order in which the CAS Processors will run. Although CAS Consumers are usually put at the end of the pipeline, they need not be. Also, Aggregate Analysis Engines may include CAS Consumers.

The overall format of the `<casProcessor>` entity is:

    <casProcessor deployment="local|remote|integrated" name="[String]" >
        <descriptor>
          <import ...> | <include .../>
        </descriptor>
        <configurationParameterSettings>...</configurationParameterSettings>
        <sofaNameMappings>...</sofaNameMappings>
        <runInSeparateProcess>...</runInSeparateProcess>
        <deploymentParameters>...</deploymentParameters>
        <filter/>
        <errorHandling>...</errorHandling>
        <checkpoint batch="Number"/>
    </casProcessor>

The `<casProcessor>` element has two mandatory attributes, `deployment` and `name`. The mandatory `name` attribute specifies a unique string identifying the CAS Processor.

The mandatory `deployment` attribute specifies the CAS Processor deployment mode. Currently, three deployment options are supported:

integrated

  indicates integrated deployment of the CAS Processor. The CPM deploys and collocates the CAS Processor in the same process space as the CPM. This type of deployment is recommended to increase the performance of the CPE. However, it is NOT recommended to deploy annotators containing JNI this way. Such CAS Processors may cause a fatal exception and force the JVM to exit without cleanup (bringing down the CPM). Any UIMA SDK compliant pure Java CAS Processors may be safely deployed this way.

  The descriptor for an integrated deployment can, in fact, be a remote service descriptor. When used this way, however, the CPM error recovery options (see below) operate in the integrated mode, which means that many of the retry options are not available.

remote

  indicates non-managed deployment of the CAS Processor. The CAS Processor descriptor referenced in the `<descriptor>` element must be a Vinci Service Client Descriptor, which identifies a remotely deployed CAS Processor service (see ). The CPM assumes that the CAS Processor is already running as a remote service and will connect to it using the URI provided in the client service descriptor. The lifecycle of a remotely deployed CAS Processor is not managed by the CPM, so appropriate infrastructure should be in place to start/restart such CAS Processors when necessary. This deployment provides fault isolation and is implementation (i.e., programming language) neutral.

local

  indicates managed deployment of the CAS Processor. The CAS Processor descriptor referenced in the `<descriptor>` element must be a Vinci Service Deployment Descriptor, which configures a CAS Processor for deployment as a Vinci service (see ). The CPM deploys the CAS Processor in a separate process and manages the life cycle (start/stop) of the CAS Processor. Communication between the CPM and the CAS Processor is done with Vinci. When the CPM completes processing, the process containing the CAS Processor is terminated. This deployment mode insulates the CPM from the CAS Processor, creating a more robust deployment at the cost of a small communication overhead. On multiprocessor machines, the separate processes may run concurrently and improve overall throughput.

A number of elements may appear within the `<casProcessor>` element.

#### <descriptor> Element

The `<descriptor>` element is mandatory. It identifies the descriptor for the referenced CAS Processor using the syntax described in .

- For `remote` CAS Processors, the referenced descriptor must be a Vinci Service Client Descriptor, which identifies a remotely deployed CAS Processor service.

- For local CAS Processors, the referenced descriptor must be a Vinci Service Deployment Descriptor.

- For integrated CAS Processors, the referenced descriptor must be an Analysis Engine Descriptor (primitive or aggregate).

See for more information on creating these descriptors and deploying services.

#### <configurationParameterSettings> Element

This element provides a way to override the contained Analysis Engine's parameters settings. Any entry specified here must already be defined; values specified replace the corresponding values for each parameter. For Cas Processors, this mechanism is only available when they are deployed in integrated mode. For Collection Readers and Initializers, it always is available.

The content of this element is identical to the component descriptor for specifying parameters (in the case where no parameter groups are specified)

An earlier UIMA version required these to have a suffix of _p, e.g., string_p. This is no longer required, but this format is accepted, also, for backward compatibility.

. Here is an example:

    <configurationParameterSettings>
      <nameValuePair>
        <name>CivilianTitles</name>
        <value>
          <array>
            <string>Mr.</string>
            <string>Ms.</string>
            <string>Mrs.</string>
            <string>Dr.</string>
          </array>
        </value>
      </nameValuePair>
      ...
    </configurationParameterSettings>

#### <sofaNameMappings> Element

This optional element provides a mapping from defined Sofa names in the component, or the default Sofa name (if the component does not declare any Sofa names). The form of this element is:

    <sofaNameMappings>
      <sofaNameMapping cpeSofaName="a_CPE_name"
                       componentSofaName="a_component_Name"/>
      ...
    </sofaNameMappings>

There can be any number of`<sofaNameMapping>` elements contained in the `<sofaNameMappings>` element. The `componentSofaName` attribute is optional; leave it out to specify a mapping for the `_InitialView` - that is, for Single-View components.

#### <runInSeparateProcess> Element

The `<runInSeparateProcess>` element is mandatory for `local` CAS Processors, but should not appear for `remote` or `integrated` CAS Processors. It enables the CPM to create external processes using the provided runtime environment. Applications launched this way communicate with the CPM using the Vinci protocol and connectivity is enabled by a local instance of the VNS that the CPM manages. Since communication is based on Vinci, the application need not be implemented in Java. Any language for which Vinci provides support may be used to create an application, and the CPM will seamlessly communicate with it. The overall structure of this element is:

    <runInSeparateProcess>
        <exec dir="[String]" executable="[String]">
            <env key="[String]" value ="[String]"/>
            ...
            <arg>[String]</arg>
            ...
        </exec>
    </runInSeparateProcess>

The `<exec>` element provides information about how to execute the referenced CAS Processor. Two attributes are defined for the `<exec>` element. The `dir` attribute is currently not used – it is reserved for future functionality. The `executable` attribute specifies the actual Vinci service executable that will be run by the CPM, e.g., `java`, a batch script, an application (.exe), etc. The executable must be specified with a fully qualified path, or be found in the `PATH` of the CPM.

The `<exec>` element has two elements within it that define parameters used to construct the command line for executing the CAS Processor. These elements must be listed in the order in which they should be defined for the CAS Processor.

The optional `<env>` element is used to set an environment variable. The variable `key` will be set to `value`. For example,

    <env key="CLASSPATH" value="C:Javalib"/>

will set the environment variable `CLASSPATH` to the value `C:Javalib`. The `<env>` element may be repeated to set multiple environment variables. All of the key/value pairs will be added to the environment by the CPM prior to launching the executable.

The CPM actually adds ALL system environment variables when it launches the program. It queries the Operating System for its current system variables and one by one adds them to the program's process configuration.

The `<arg>` element is used to specify arbitrary string arguments that will appear on the command line when the CPM runs the command specified in the `executable` attribute.

For example, the following would be used to invoke the UIMA Java implementation of the Vinci service wrapper on a Java CAS Processor:

    <runInSeparateProcess>
        <exec executable="java">
            <arg>&minus;DVNS_HOST=localhost</arg>
            <arg>&minus;DVNS_PORT=9099</arg>
            <arg>org.apache.uima.reference_impl.analysis_engine.service.
    vinci.VinciAnalysisEngineService_impl</arg>
            <arg>C:uimadescdeployCasProcessor.xml</arg>
        </exec>
    <runInSeparateProcess>

This will cause the CPM to run the following command line when starting the CAS Processor:

    java -DVNS_HOST=localhost -DVNS_PORT=9099
      org.apache.uima.reference_impl.analysis_engine.service.vinci.\\
                  VinciAnalysisEngineService_impl
      C:uimadescdeployCasProcessor.xml

The first argument specifies that the Vinci Naming Service is running on the `localhost`. The second argument specifies that the Vinci Naming Service port number is `9099`. The third argument (split over 2 lines in this documentation) identifies the UIMA implementation of the Vinci service wrapper. This class contains the `main` method that will execute. That main method in turn takes a single argument – the filename for the CAS Processor service deployment descriptor. Thus the last argument identifies the Vinci service deployment descriptor file for the CAS Processor. Since this is the same descriptor file specified earlier in the `<descriptor>` element, the string `${descriptor}` can be used to refer to the descriptor, e.g.:

    <arg>${descriptor}</arg>

The CPM will expand this out to the service deployment descriptor file referenced in the `<descriptor>` element.

#### <deploymentParameters> Element

The `<deploymentParameters>` element defines a number of deployment parameters that control how the CPM will interact with the CAS Processor. This element has the following overall form:

    <deploymentParameters>
        <parameter name="[String]" value="..." type="string|integer" />
        ...
    </deploymentParameters>

The `name` attribute identifies the parameter, the `value` attribute specifies the value that will be assigned to the parameter, and the `type` attribute indicates the type of the parameter, either `string` or `integer`. The available parameters include:

service-access

  string parameter whose value must be exclusive, if present. This parameter is only effective for remote deployments. It modifies the Vinci service connections to be preallocated and dedicated, one service instance per pipe-line. It is only relevant for non-Integrated deployement modes. If there are fewer services instances that are available (and alive – responding to a ping request) than there are pipelines, the number of pipelines (the number of concurrent threads) is reduced to match the number of available instances. If not specified, the VNS is queried each time a service is needed, and a random instance is assigned from the pool of available instances. If a services dies during processing, the CPM will use its normal error handling procedures to attempt to reconnect. The number of attempts is specified in the CPE descriptor for each Cas Processor using the `<maxConsecutiveRestarts value="10" action="kill-pipeline" waitTimeBetweenRetries="50"/>` xml element. The value attribute is the number of reconnection tries; the action says what to do if the retries exceed the limit. The kill-pipeline action stops the pipeline that was associated with the failing service (other pipelines will continue to work). The CAS in process within a killed pipeline will be dropped. These events are communicated to the application using the normal event listener mechanism. The `waitTimeBetweenRetries` says how many milliseconds to wait inbetween attempts to reconnect.

vnsHost

  (Deprecated) string parameter specifying the VNS host, e.g., `localhost` for local CAS Processors, host name or IP address of VNS host for remote CAS Processors. This parameter is deprecated; use the parameter specification instead inside the Vinci Service Client Descriptor, if needed. It is ignored for integrated and local deployments. If present, for remote deployments, it specifies the VNS Host to use, unless that is specified in the Vinci Service Client Descriptor.

vnsPort

  (Deprecated) integer parameter specifying the VNS port number. This parameter is deprecated; use the parameter specification instead inside the Vinci Service Client Descriptor, if needed. It is ignored for integrated and local deployments. If present, for remote deployments, it specifies the VNS Port number to use, unless that is specified in the Vinci Service Client Descriptor.

For example, the following parameters might be used with a CAS Processor deployed in local mode:

    <deploymentParameters>
      <parameter name="service-access" value="exclusive" type="string"/>
    </deploymentParameters>

#### <filter> Element

The <filter> element is a required element but currently should be left empty. This element is reserved for future use.

#### <errorHandling> Element

The mandatory `<errorHandling>` element defines error and restart policies for the CAS Processor. Each CAS Processor may define different actions in the event of errors and restarts. The CPM monitors and logs errant behaviors and attempts to recover the component based on the policies specified in this element.

There are two kinds of faults:

1. One kind only occurs with non-integrated CAS Processors – this fault is either a timeout attempting to launch or connect to the non-integrated component, or some other kind of connection related exception (for instance, the network connection might timeout or get reset).

2. The other kind happens when the CAS Processor component (an Annotator, for example) throws any kind of exception. This kind may occur with any kind of deployment, integrated or not.

The <errorHandling> has specifications for each of these kinds of faults. The format of this element is:

    <errorHandling>
      <maxConsecutiveRestarts action="continue|disable|terminate"
                               value="[Number]"/>
      <errorRateThreshold action="continue|disable|terminate" value="[Rate]"/>
      <timeout max="[Number]"/>
    </errorHandling>

The mandatory `<maxConsecutiveRestarts>` element applies only to faults of the first kind, and therefore, only applies to non-integrated deployments. If such a fault occurs, a retry is attempted, up to `value="[Number]"` of times. This retry resets the connection (if one was made) and attempts to reconnect and perhaps re-launch (see below for details). The original CAS (not a partially updated one) is sent to the CAS Processor as part of the retry, once the deployed component has been successfully restarted or reconnected to.

The `action` attribute specifies the action to take when the threshold specified by the `value="[Number]"` is exceeded. The possible actions are:

continue

  skip any further processing for this CAS by this CAS Processor, and pass the CAS to the next CAS Processor in the Pipeline.

  The restart action is done, because it is needed for the next CAS.

  If the `dropCasOnException="true"`, the CPM will NOT pass the CAS to the next CAS Processor in the chain. Instead, the CPM will abort processing of this CAS, release the CAS back to the CAS Pool and will process the next CAS in the queue.

  The counter counting the restarts toward the threshold is only reset after a CAS is successfully processed.

disable

  the current CAS is handled just as in the `continue` case, but in addition, the CAS Processor is marked so that its process() method will not be called again (i.e., it will be skipped for future CASes)

terminate

  the CPM will terminate all processing and exit.

The definition of an error for the `<maxConsecutiveRestarts>` element differs slightly for each of the three CAS Processor deployment modes:

local

  Local CAS Processors experience two general error types:

  - launch errors – errors associated with launching a process

  - processing errors – errors associated with sending Vinci commands to the process

  A launch error is defined by a failure of the process to successfully register with the local VNS within a default time window. The current timeout is 15 minutes. Multiple local CAS Processors are launched sequentially, with a subsequent processor launched immediately after its previous processor successfully registers with the VNS.

  A processing error is detected if a connection to the CAS Processor is lost or if the processing time exceeds a specified timeout value.

  For local CAS Processors, the <maxConsecutiveRestarts> element specifies the number of consecutive attempts made to launch the CAS Processor at CPM startup or after the CPM has lost a connection to the CAS Processor.

remote

  For remote CAS Processors, the <maxConsecutiveRestarts> element applies to errors from sending Vinci commands. An error is detected if a connection to the CAS Processor is lost, or if the processing time exceeds the timeout value specified in the <timeout> element (see below).

integrated

  Although mandatory, the <maxConsecutiveRestarts> element is NOT used for integrated CAS Processors, because Integrated CAS Processors are not re-instantiated/restarted on exceptions. This setting is ignored by the CPM for Integrated CAS Processors but it is required. Future version of the CPM will make this element mandatory for remote and local CAS Processors only.

The mandatory `<errorRateThreshold>` element is used for all faults – both those above, and exceptions thrown by the CAS Processor itself. It specifies the number of retries for exceptions thrown by the CAS Processor itself, a maximum error rate, and the corresponding action to take when this rate is exceeded. The `value` attribute specifies the error rate in terms of errors per sample size in the form `N/M`, where `N` is the number of errors and `M` is the sample size, defined in terms of the number of documents.

The first number is used also to indicate the maximum number of retries. If this number is less than the `<maxConsecutiveRestarts value="[Number]">,` it will override, reducing the number of restarts attempted. A retry is done only if the `dropCasOnException` is false. If it is set to true, no retry occurs, but the error is counted.

When the number of counted errors exceeds the sample size, an action specified by the `action` attribute is taken. The possible actions and their meaning are the same as described above for the `<maxConsecutiveRestarts>` element:

- `continue`

- `disable`

- `terminate`

The `dropCasOnException="true"` attribute of the `<casProcessors>` element modifies the action taken for continue and disable, in the same manner as above. For example:

    <errorRateThreshold value="3/1000" action="disable"/>

specifies that each error thrown by the CAS Processor itself will be retried up to 3 times (if `dropCasOnException` is false) and the CAS Processor will be disabled if the error rate exceeds 3 errors in 1000 documents.

If a document causes an error and the error rate threshold for the CAS Processor is not exceeded, the CPM increments the CAS Processor's error count and retries processing that document (if `dropCasOnException` is false). The retry means that the CPM calls the CAS Processor's process() method again, passing in as an argument the same CAS that previously caused an exception.

The CPM does not attempt to rollback any partial changes that may have been applied to the CAS in the previous process() call.

Errors are accumulated across documents. For example, assume the error rate threshold is `3/1000`. The same document may fail three times before finally succeeding on the fourth try, but the error count is now 3. If one more error occurs within the current sample of 1000 documents, the error rate threshold will be exceeded and the specified action will be taken. If no more errors occur within the current sample, the error counter is reset to 0 for the next sample of 1000 documents.

The `<timeout>` element is a mandatory element. Although mandatory for all CAS Processors, this element is only relevant for local and remote CAS Processors. For integrated CAS Processors, this element is ignored. In the current CPM implementation the integrated CAS Processor process() method is not subject to timeouts.

The `max` attribute specifies the maximum amount of time in milliseconds the CPM will wait for a process() method to complete When exceeded, the CPM will generate an exception and will treat this as an error subject to the threshold defined in the `<errorRateThreshold>` element above, including doing retries.

##### Retry action taken on a timeout

The action taken depends on whether the CAS Processor is local (managed) or remote (unmanaged). Local CAS Processors (which are services) are killed and restarted, and a new connection to them is established. For remote CAS Processors, the connection to them is dropped, and a new connection is reestablished (which may actually connect to a different instance of the remote services, if it has multiple instances).

#### <checkpoint> Element

The `<checkpoint>` element is an optional element used to improve the performance of CAS Consumers. It has a single attribute, `batch`, which specifies the number of CASes in a batch, e.g.:

    <checkpoint batch="1000">

sets the batch size to 1000 CASes. The batch size is the interval used to mark a point in processing requiring special handling. The CAS Processor's `batchProcessComplete()` method will be called by the CPM when this mark is reached so that the processor can take appropriate action. This mark could be used as a mechanism to buffer up results in CAS Consumers and perform time-consuming operations, such as check-pointing, that should not be done on a per-document basis.

## CPE Operational Parameters

The parameters for configuring the overall CPE and CPM are specified in the `<cpeConfig>` section. The overall format of this section is:

    <cpeConfig>
      <startAt>[NumberOrID]</startAt>

      <numToProcess>[Number]</numToProcess>

      <outputQueue dequeueTimeout="[Number]" queueClass="[ClassName]" />

      <checkpoint file="[File]" time="[Number]" batch="[Number]"/>

      <timerImpl>[ClassName]</timerImpl>

      <deployAs>vinciService|interactive|immediate|single-threaded
      </deployAs>

    </cpeConfig>

This section of the CPE descriptor allows for defining the starting entity, the number of entities to process, a checkpoint file and frequency, a pluggable timer, an optional output queue implementation, and finally a mode of operation. The mode of operation determines how the CPM interacts with users and other systems.

The `<startAt>` element is an optional argument. It defines the starting entity in the collection at which the CPM should start processing.

The implementation in the CPM passes this argument to the Collection Reader as the value of the parameter `startNumber`. The CPM does not do anything else with this parameter; in particular, the CPM has no ability to skip to a specific document - that function, if available, is only provided by a particular Collection Reader implementation.

If the `<startAt>` element is used, the Collection Reader descriptor must define a single-valued configuration parameter with the name `startNumber`. It can declare this value to be of any type; the value passed in this XML element must be convertible to that type.

A typical use is to declare this to be an integer type, and to pass the sequential document number where processing should start. An alternative implementation might take a specific document ID; the collection reader could search through its collection until it reaches this ID and then start there.

This parameter will only make sense if the particular collection reader is implemented to use the `startNumber` configuration parameter.

The `<numToProcess>` element is an optional element. It specifies the total number of entities to process. Use -1 to indicate ALL. If not defined, the number of entities to process will be taken from the Collection Reader configuration. If present, this value overrides the Collection Reader configuration.

The `<outputQueue>` element is an optional element. It enables plugging in a custom implementation for the Output Queue. When omitted, the CPM will use a default output queue that is based on First-in First-out (FIFO) model.

The UIMA SDK provides a second implementation for the Output Queue that can be plugged in to the CPM, named `org.apache.uima.collection.impl.cpm.engine.SequencedQueue` .

This implementation supports handling very large documents that are split into chunks; it provides a delivery mechanism that insures the sequential order of the chunks using information carried in the CAS metadata. This metadata, which is required for this implementation to work correctly, must be added as an instance of a Feature Structure of type `org.apache.es.tt.DocumentMetaData` and referred to by an additional feature named `esDocumentMetaData` in the special instance of `uima.tcas.DocumentAnnotation` that is associated with the CAS. This is usually done by the Collection Reader; the instance contains the following features:

sequenceNumber

  [Number] the sequential number of a chunk, starting at 1. If not a chunk (i.e. complete document), the value should be 0.

documentId

  [Number] current document id. Chunks belonging to the same document have identical document id.

isCompleted

  [Number] 1 if the chunk is the last in a sequence, 0 otherwise.

url

  [String] document url.

throttleID

  [String] special attribute currently used by OmniFind.

This implementation of a sequenced queue supports proper sequencing of CASes in CPM deployments that use document chunking. Chunking is a technique of splitting large documents into pieces to reduce overall memory consumption. Chunking does not depend on the number of CASes in the CAS Pool. It works equally well with one or more CASes in the CAS Pool. Each chunk is packaged in a separate CAS and placed in the Work Queue. If the CAS Pool is depleted, the CollectionReader thread is suspended until a CAS is released back to the pool by the processing threads. A document may be split into 1, 2, 3 or more chunks that are analyzed independently. In order to reconstruct the document correctly, the CAS Consumer can depend on receiving the chunks in the same sequential order that the chunks were produced, when this sequenced queue implementation is used. To plug in this sequenced queue to the CPM use the following specification:

    <outputQueue dequeueTimeout="100000" queueClass=
    "org.apache.uima.collection.impl.cpm.engine.SequencedQueue"/>

where the mandatory `queueClass` attribute defines the name of the class and the second mandatory attribute, `dequeueTimeout` specifies the maximum number of milliseconds to wait for the expected chunk.

The value for this timeout must be carefully determined to avoid excessive occurrences of timeouts. Typically, the size of a chunk and the type of analysis being done are the most important factors when deciding on the value for the timeout. The larger the chunk and the more complicated analysis, the more time it takes for the chunk to go from source to sink. You may specify 0, in which case, the timeout is disabled - i.e., it is equivalent to an infinitely long timeout.

If the chunk doesn't arrive in the configured time window, the entire document is presumed to be invalid and the CAS is dropped from further processing. This action occurs regardless of any other error action specification. The SequencedQueue invalidate the document, adding the offending document's metadata to a local cache of invalid documents.

If the time out occurs, the CPM notifies all registered listeners (see ) by calling entityProcessComplete(). As part of this call, the SequencedQueue will pass null instead of a CAS as the first argument, and a special exception – CPMChunkTimeoutException. The reason for passing null as the first argument is because the time out occurs due to the fact that the chunk has not been received in the configured timeout window, so there is no CAS available when the timeout event occurs.

The CPMChunkTimeoutException object includes an API that allows the listener to retrieve the offending document id as well as the other metadata attributes as defined above. These attributes are part of each chunk's metadata and are added by the Collection Reader.

Each chunk that SequencedQueue works on is subjected to a test to determine if the chunk belongs to an invalid document. This test checks the chunk's metadata against the data in the local cache. If there is a match, the chunk is dropped. This check is only performed for chunks and complete documents are not subject to this check.

If there is an exception during the processing of a chunk, the CPM sends a notification to all registered listeners. The notification includes the CAS and an exception. When the listener notification is completed, the CPM also sends separate notifications, containing the CAS, to the Artifact Producer and the SequencedQueue. The intent is to stop adding new chunks to the Work Queue that belong to an invalid document and also to deal with chunks that are en-route, being processed by the processing threads.

In response to the notification, the Artifact Producer will drop and release back to the CAS Pool all CASes that belong to an invalid document. Currently, there is no support in the CollectionReader's API to tell it to stop generating chunks. The CollectionReader keeps producing the chunks but the Artifact Producer immediately drops/releases them to the CAS Pool. Before the CAS is released back to the CAS Pool, the Artifact Producer sends notification to all registered listeners. This notification includes the CAS and an exception – SkipCasException.

In response to the notification of an exception involving a chunk, the SequencedQueue retrieves from the CAS the metadata and adds it to its local cache of invalid documents. All chunks de-queued from the OutputQueue and belonging to invalid documents will be dropped and released back to the CAS Pool. Before dropping the CAS, the CPM sends notification to all registered listeners. The notification includes the CAS and SkipCasException.

The `<checkpoint>` element is an optional element. It specifies a CPE checkpoint file, checkpoint frequency, and strategy for checkpoints (time or count based). At checkpoint time, the CPM saves status information and statistics to the checkpoint file. The checkpoint file is specified in the `file` attribute, which has the same form as the `href` attribute of the `<include>` element described in . The `time` attribute indicates that a checkpoint should be taken every `[Number]` seconds, and the `batch` attribute indicates that a checkpoint should be taken every `[Number]` batches.

The `<timerImpl>` element is optional. It is used to identify a custom timer plug-in class to generate time stamps during the CPM execution. The value of the element is a Java class name.

The `<deployAs>` element indicates the type of CPM deployment. Valid contents for this element include:

vinciService

  Vinci service exposing APIs for stop, pause, resume, and getStats

interactive

  provide command line menus (start, stop, pause, resume)

immediate

  run the CPM without menus or a service API

single-threaded

  run the CPM in a single threaded mode. In this mode, the Collection Reader, the Processing Pipeline, and the CAS Consumer Pipeline are all running in one thread without the work queue and the output queue.

## Resource Manager Configuration

External resource bindings for the CPE may optionally be specified in an element:

    <resourceManagerConfiguration href="..."/>

For an introduction to external resources, refer to .

In the `resourceManagerConfiguration` element, the value of the href attribute refers to another file that contains definitions and bindings for the external resources used by the CPE. The format of this file is the same as the XML snippet . For example, in a CPE containing an aggregate analysis engine with two annotators, and a CAS Consumer, the following resource manager configuration file would bind external resource dependencies in all three components to the same physical resource:

    <resourceManagerConfiguration>

      <!-- Declare Resource -->

      <externalResources>
        <externalResource>
          <name>ExampleResource</name>
          <fileResourceSpecifier>
            <fileUrl>file:MyResourceFile.dat</fileUrl>
          </fileResourceSpecifier>
        </externalResource>
      </externalResources>

      <!-- Bind component resource dependencies to ExampleResource -->

      <externalResourceBindings>
        <externalResourceBinding>
          <key>MyAE/annotator1/myResourceKey</key>
          <resourceName>ExampleResource</resourceName>
        </externalResourceBinding>

        <externalResourceBinding>
          <key>MyAE/annotator2/someResourceKey</key>
          <resourceName>ExampleResource</resourceName>
        </externalResourceBinding>

        <externalResourceBinding>
          <key>MyCasConsumer/otherResourceKey</key>
          <resourceName>ExampleResource</resourceName>
        </externalResourceBinding>

      </externalResourceBindings>

    </resourceManagerConfiguration>

In this example, `MyAE` and `MyCasConsumer` are the names of the Analysis Engine and CAS Consumer, as specified by the name attributes of the CPE's `<casProcessor>` elements. `annotator1` and `annotator2` are the annotator keys specified within the Aggregate AE Descriptor, and `myResourceKey`, `someResourceKey`, and `otherResourceKey` are the keys of the resource dependencies declared in the individual annotator and CAS Consumer descriptors.

## Example CPE Descriptor

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <cpeDescription>
      <collectionReader>
        <collectionIterator>
          <descriptor>
            <import location=
               "../collection_reader/FileSystemCollectionReader.xml"/>
          </descriptor>
        </collectionIterator>
      </collectionReader>
      <casProcessors dropCasOnException="true" casPoolSize="1"
          processingUnitThreadCount="1">
        <casProcessor deployment="integrated"
          name="Aggregate TAE - Name Recognizer and Person Title Annotator">
          <descriptor>
            <import location=
               "../analysis_engine/NamesAndPersonTitles_TAE.xml"/>
          </descriptor>
          <deploymentParameters/>
          <filter/>
          <errorHandling>
            <errorRateThreshold action="terminate" value="100/1000"/>
                    <maxConsecutiveRestarts action="terminate" value="30"/>
                    <timeout max="100000"/>
          </errorHandling>
          <checkpoint batch="1"/>
        </casProcessor>
        <casProcessor deployment="integrated" name="Annotation Printer">
          <descriptor>
            <import location="../cas_consumer/AnnotationPrinter.xml"/>
          </descriptor>
          <deploymentParameters/>
          <filter/>
          <errorHandling>
            <errorRateThreshold action="terminate" value="100/1000"/>
            <maxConsecutiveRestarts action="terminate" value="30"/>
            <timeout max="100000"/>
          </errorHandling>
          <checkpoint batch="1"/>
        </casProcessor>
      </casProcessors>
      <cpeConfig>
        <numToProcess>1</numToProcess>
        <deployAs>immediate</deployAs>
        <checkpoint file="" time="3000"/>
        <timerImpl/>
      </cpeConfig>
    </cpeDescription>