# SASL Plugin Programmer's Guide

### NOTE: This is a work in progress. Any contributions would be very appreciated

## Contents

- Introduction

- About this Guide
- What is SASL

- Common Section

- Overview of Plugin Programming
- Use of sasl_utils_t
- Error Reporting
- Memory Allocation
- Client Send First / Server Send Last

- Client Plugins
- Server Plugins
- User Canonicalization (canon_user) Plugins
- Auxiliary Property (auxprop) Plugins

## Introduction

### About this Guide

This guide gives a very brief overview on the things that one needs to know to write a mechanism for the SASLv2 API (and thus Cyrus SASLv2). Note that this page is a brief overview only and that the authoritative documentation are the header files included in the SASL distribution. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact the Cyrus development team at cyrus-bugs@andrew.cmu.edu or the cyrus-sasl mailing list at cyrus-sasl@andrew.cmu.edu .

Please note that this guide is only intended for developers looking to write mechanisms for the SASLv2 API, and that application programmers should be reading this document instead.

### What is SASL?

A description of SASL is covered in detail in the programmer's guide, which mechanism developers should probably read first anyway to become familiar with development using the SASL library.

## Common Section

### Overview of Plugin Programming

The basic idea behind programming plugins for Cyrus SASL rests in the ability to dlopen a shared library. Thus, all plugins should be shared libraries. It is recommended that they are libtool libraries for portability reasons (Cyrus SASL parses .la files to get the appropriate name to dlopen), but they can have an extention of .so as well.

All plugins should live in the same directory (generally /usr/lib/sasl2), which the glue code (that is, the interface layer that sits between the plugins and the application) scans when one of the init functions (sasl_server_init or sasl_client_init) is called. Cyrus SASL then attempts to open each library and run an initialization function. If the initialization function succeeds, and the versions match, then the glue code determines that the load was successful and the plugin is available for use.

There are serveral types of plugins (note that a given plugin library may contain any or all of the following in combination, though such a plugin would be a beast!):

- Mechanism Plugins - These plugins implement mechanisms for authentication, and are the majority of the plugins included with Cyrus SASL. Generally implementing both a client and a server side they take care of the authentication process.
- User Canonicalization Plugins - These plugins enable differing ways of canonicalizing authentication and authorization IDs.
- Auxiliary Property Plugins - These plugins allow auxilliary properties about user accounts to be looked up, such as passwords. Cyrus SASL includes a plugin to read sasldb files, for example.

### Use of sasl_utils_t

Because of the way that shared library plugins are loaded for both speed and namespace reasons, the symbol tables are not shared across plugins. Thus, the only interface that the plugin should assume it has to the outside world is through the `sasl_utils_t` structure (or through links that it specifically requires). Likewise, the glue code has no (and will use no) interface into the plugin other than the contents of the structures that are passed back to it by the initialization function.

This should be stressed again: do not assume you have access to any functions except through links that your library explicitly makes or through what is provided via the `sasl_utils_t` structure.

### Error Reporting

Error reporting is very important for failed authentication tracking and helping to debug installations or authentication problems. For that reason, in addition to the standard SASL return codes, the glue code provides an interface to its seterror function (via `sasl_utils_t`). This function sets detailed error information for a given connection.

In order to ensure consistency of this information, it is the responsibility of the deepest function with access to the sasl_conn_t make the call to set the errdetail string.

### Memory Allocation

Memory allocation in SASLv2 follows the simple paradigm that if you allocate it, you free it. This improves portability, and allows for a large performance improvement over SASLv1. To prevent memory leaks (especially in the mechanism plugins), please ensure that you follow this paradigm.

### Client Send First / Server Send Last

Mechanism plugins used to have to worry about the situation where they needed clients to send first (or server to send last), yet the protocol did not support it. Luckily, this is now handled by the glue code, provided that the plugin declares the appropriate flags in the structure returned by its init function. Thus, the step functions will not have to worry about these issues and can be implemented knowing they will be called only when the application actually has data for them and/or will allow them to send data. These flags are as follows:

- SASL_FEAT_WANT_CLIENT_FIRST: The mechanism has the client side send first always. (e.g. PLAIN)
- SASL_FEAT_SERVER_FIRST: The mechanism has the server side send first always. (e.g. CRAM-MD5)

If neither flag is set, the mechanism will handle the client-send first situation internally, because the client may or may not send first. (e.g. DIGEST-MD5). In this case, the plugin must intelligently check for the presence (or absence) of clientin/serverin data. Note that the optional client send-first is only possible when the protocol permits an initial response.

The server send last situation is handled by the plugin intelligently setting *serverout when the step function returns SASL_OK. For mechanisms which never send last (e.g. PLAIN), *serverout must be set to NULL. For mechanisms which always send last (e.g. DIGEST-MD5), *serverout must point to the success data. For mechanisms in which the server may or may not send last (e.g. SRP), *serverout must be set accordingly.

## Client Plugins

Client-side mechanism plugins are generally included in the same plugin with their server counterpart, though this is not a requirement. They take care of the client-side of the SASL negotiation. For a simple example, see the ANONYMOUS plugin.

Client plugins must export `sasl_client_plug_init` which returns a `sasl_client_plug_t` in order to load. The structure has several functional members and a global context (which applies to all connections using the plugin). The important ones are described briefly here.

- mech_new - Called at the beginning of each connection, (on a call to sasl_client_start), mech_new does mechanism-specific initialization, and if necessary allocates a connection context (which the glue code keeps track of for it). mech_new does not actually send any data to the client, it simply allocates the context.
- mech_step - Called from `sasl_client_start` and `sasl_client_step`, this function does the actual work of the client side of the authentication. If authentication is successful, it should return SASL_OK, otherwise it should return a valid SASL error code (and call seterror). This should also set up the oparams structure before returning SASL_OK, including any security layer information (in the way of callbacks). Note that as soon as the client has both the authentication and authorization IDs, it MUST call the canon_user function provided in its params structure (for both the authentication and authorization IDs, with SASL_CU_AUTHID and SASL_CU_AUTHZID respectively).
- mech_dispose - Called to dispose of a connection context. This is only called when the connection will no longer be used (e.g. when `sasl_dispose` is called)
- mech_free - Called when the sasl library is shutting down (by `sasl_done`). Intended to free any global state of the plugin.

## Server Plugins

Server-side mechanism plugins are generally included in the same plugin with their client counterpart, though this is not a requirement. They take care of the server-side of the SASL negotiation, and are generally more complicated than their client-side counterparts. For a simple example, see the ANONYMOUS plugin.

Server plugins must export `sasl_server_plug_init` which returns a `sasl_server_plug_t` in order to load. The structure has several functional members and a global context (which applies to all connections using the plugin). The important ones are described briefly here.

- mech_new - Called at the beginning of each connection, (on a call to sasl_client_start), mech_new does mechanism-specific initialization, and if necessary allocates a connection context (which the glue code keeps track of for it). mech_new does not actually send any data to the client, it simply allocates the context.
- mech_step - Called from `sasl_server_start` and `sasl_server_step`, this function does the actual work of the server side of the authentication. If authentication is successful, it should return SASL_OK, otherwise it should return a valid SASL error code (and call seterror). This should also set up the oparams structure before returning SASL_OK, including any security layer information (in the way of callbacks and SSF information). Also, as soon as the mechanism has computed both the authentication and the authorization IDs, it MUST call the canon_user function provided in the server params structure (for both the authentication and authorization IDs, with SASL_CU_AUTHID and SASL_CU_AUTHZID respectively). This action will also fill in its propctx, so any auxiliary property requests (for example, to lookup the password) should be done before the request to canonicalize the authentication id. Authorization ID lookups do not occur until after the plugin returns success to the SASL library.

  Before returning SASL_OK, `mech_step` must fill in the oparams fields for which it is responsible, that is, `doneflag` (set to 1 to indicate a complete exchange), `maxoutbuf`, or the maximum output size it can do at once for a security layer, `mech_ssf` or the supplied SSF of the security layer, and `encode`, `decode`, `encode_context`, and `decode_context`, which are what the glue code will call on calls to `sasl_encode`, `sasl_encodev`, and `sasl_decode`.

- mech_dispose - Called to dispose of a connection context. This is only called when the connection will no longer be used (e.g. when `sasl_dispose` is called)
- mech_free - Called when the sasl library is shutting down (by `sasl_done`). Intended to free any global state of the plugin.
- setpass - Called to set a user's password. This allows mechanisms to support their own internal password or secret database.
- mech_avail - Called by the first call to `sasl_listmech`, it checks to see if the mechanism is available for the given user, and MAY allocate a connection context (thus avoiding a call to `mech_new`). However it should not do this without significant performance benefit as it forces the glue code to keep track of extra contexts that may not be used.

## User Canonicalization (canon_user) Plugins

User Canonicalization plugins allow for nonstandard ways of canonicalizing the username. They are subject to the following requirements:

- They must copy their output into the provided output buffers.
- The output buffers may be the same as the input buffers.
- They must function for the case which is only an authentication ID (flags == SASL_CU_AUTHID) or only an authorization ID (flags == SASL_CU_AUTHZID) or both (flags == SASL_CU_AUTHID | SASL_CU_AUTHZID)

User canonicalization plugins must export a `sasl_canonuser_init` function which returns a `sasl_canonuser_plug_t` in order to load successfully. They must implement at least one of the `canon_user_client` or `canon_user_server` members of the `sasl_canonuser_plug_t`. The INTERNAL canon_user plugin that is inside of the glue code implements both in the same way.

## Auxiliary Property (auxprop) Plugins

Perhaps the most exciting addition in SASLv2, Auxprop plugins allow for an easy way to perform password and secret lookups (as well as other information needed for authentication and authorization) from directory services, and in the same request allow the application to receive properties that it needs to provide the service.

Auxprop plugins need to export the `sasl_auxprop_init` function and pass back a `sasl_auxprop_plug_t` in order to load successfully. The sasldb plugin included with the Cyrus SASL distribution would be a good place to start.

Interfacing with property contexts is extremely well documented in `prop.h` and so that is omitted here. The only important note is to be sure that you are using the interfaces provided through the `sasl_utils_t` structure and not calling the functions directly.

To successfully implement an auxprop plugin there is only one required function to implement, that is the `auxprop_lookup` member of the `sasl_auxprop_plug_t`. This is called just after canonicalization of the username, with the canonicalized username. It can then do whatever lookups are necessary for any of the requested auxiliary properties.

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