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<!-- %A  mapping.msk                  GAP documentation              Thomas Breuer -->
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<!-- %A  @(#)<M>Id: mapping.msk,v 1.20 2002/04/15 10:02:30 sal Exp </M> -->
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<!-- %Y  (C) 1998 School Math and Comp. Sci., University of St Andrews, Scotland -->
<!-- %Y  Copyright (C) 2002 The GAP Group -->
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<Chapter Label="Mappings">
<Heading>Mappings</Heading>

<Index Subkey="as in mathematics">functions</Index>
<Index>relations</Index>
A <E>mapping</E> in &GAP; is what is called a <Q>function</Q> in mathematics.
&GAP; also implements <E>generalized mappings</E> in which one element might
have several images, these can be imagined as subsets of the cartesian
product and are often called <Q>relations</Q>.
<P/>
Most operations are declared for general mappings and therefore this manual
often  refers to <Q>(general) mappings</Q>, unless you deliberately need the
generalization you can ignore the <Q>general</Q> bit and just read
it as <Q>mappings</Q>.
<P/>
<#Include Label="[1]{mapping}">
<P/>
For mappings which preserve an algebraic structure a <E>kernel</E> is
defined.
Depending on the structure preserved the operation to compute this kernel is
called differently,
see Section&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Mappings which are Compatible with Algebraic Structures"/>.
<P/>
Some technical details of general mappings are described in
section&nbsp;<Ref Sect="General Mappings"/>.

<!-- %%  The general support for mappings is due to Thomas Breuer. -->


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<Section Label="sect:Direct Products and their Elements">
<Heading>Direct Products and their Elements</Heading>

<#Include Label="IsDirectProductElement">
<#Include Label="DirectProductFamily">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Creating Mappings">
<Heading>Creating Mappings</Heading>

<#Include Label="GeneralMappingByElements">
<#Include Label="MappingByFunction">
<#Include Label="InverseGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="RestrictedInverseGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="CompositionMapping">
<#Include Label="CompositionMapping2">
<#Include Label="IsCompositionMappingRep">
<#Include Label="ConstituentsCompositionMapping">
<#Include Label="ZeroMapping">
<#Include Label="IdentityMapping">
<#Include Label="Embedding">
<#Include Label="Projection">
<#Include Label="RestrictedMapping">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Properties and Attributes of (General) Mappings">
<Heading>Properties and Attributes of (General) Mappings</Heading>

<#Include Label="IsTotal">
<#Include Label="IsSingleValued">
<#Include Label="IsMapping">
<#Include Label="IsInjective">
<#Include Label="IsSurjective">
<#Include Label="IsBijective">
<#Include Label="Range">
<#Include Label="Source">
<#Include Label="UnderlyingRelation">
<#Include Label="UnderlyingGeneralMapping">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Images under Mappings">
<Heading>Images under Mappings</Heading>

<#Include Label="ImagesSource">
<#Include Label="ImagesRepresentative">
<#Include Label="ImagesElm">
<#Include Label="ImagesSet">
<#Include Label="ImageElm">
<#Include Label="Image">
<#Include Label="Images">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Preimages under Mappings">
<Heading>Preimages under Mappings</Heading>

<#Include Label="PreImagesRange">
<#Include Label="PreImagesElm">
<#Include Label="PreImageElm">
<#Include Label="PreImagesRepresentative">
<#Include Label="PreImagesSet">
<#Include Label="PreImage">
<#Include Label="PreImages">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Arithmetic Operations for General Mappings">
<Heading>Arithmetic Operations for General Mappings</Heading>

<#Include Label="[3]{mapping}">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Mappings which are Compatible with Algebraic Structures">
<Heading>Mappings which are Compatible with Algebraic Structures</Heading>

From an algebraical point of view, the most important mappings are those
which are compatible with a structure. For Magmas, Groups and Rings, &GAP;
supports the following four types of such mappings:
<P/>
<Enum>
<Item>
  General mappings that respect multiplication
</Item>
<Item>
  General mappings that respect addition
</Item>
<Item>
  General mappings that respect scalar mult.
</Item>
<Item>
  General mappings that respect multiplicative and additive structure
</Item>
</Enum>
<P/>
(Very technical note:
&GAP; defines categories <C>IsSPGeneralMapping</C> and
<C>IsNonSPGeneralMapping</C>.
The distinction between these is orthogonal to the structure compatibility
described here and should not be confused.)

</Section>


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<Section Label="Magma Homomorphisms">
<Heading>Magma Homomorphisms</Heading>

<#Include Label="IsMagmaHomomorphism">
<#Include Label="MagmaHomomorphismByFunctionNC">
<#Include Label="NaturalHomomorphismByGenerators">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Mappings that Respect Multiplication">
<Heading>Mappings that Respect Multiplication</Heading>

<#Include Label="RespectsMultiplication">
<#Include Label="RespectsOne">
<#Include Label="RespectsInverses">
<#Include Label="IsGroupGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="KernelOfMultiplicativeGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="CoKernelOfMultiplicativeGeneralMapping">

</Section>


<!-- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -->
<Section Label="Mappings that Respect Addition">
<Heading>Mappings that Respect Addition</Heading>

<#Include Label="RespectsAddition">
<#Include Label="RespectsAdditiveInverses">
<#Include Label="RespectsZero">
<#Include Label="IsAdditiveGroupGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="KernelOfAdditiveGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="CoKernelOfAdditiveGeneralMapping">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Linear Mappings">
<Heading>Linear Mappings</Heading>

Also see Sections&nbsp;<Ref Sect="Mappings that Respect Multiplication"/>,
<Ref Sect="Mappings that Respect Addition"/>,
and <Ref Attr="KernelOfMultiplicativeGeneralMapping"/>,
<Ref Attr="CoKernelOfMultiplicativeGeneralMapping"/>.

<#Include Label="RespectsScalarMultiplication">
<#Include Label="IsLeftModuleGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="IsLinearMapping">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Ring Homomorphisms">
<Heading>Ring Homomorphisms</Heading>

<#Include Label="IsRingGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="IsRingWithOneGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="IsAlgebraGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="IsAlgebraWithOneGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="IsFieldHomomorphism">

</Section>


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<Section Label="General Mappings">
<Heading>General Mappings</Heading>

<#Include Label="IsGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="IsConstantTimeAccessGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="IsEndoGeneralMapping">

</Section>


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<Section Label="Technical Matters Concerning General Mappings">
<Heading>Technical Matters Concerning General Mappings</Heading>

<#Include Label="[2]{mapping}">
<P/>
<#Include Label="[4]{mapping}">
<#Include Label="IsSPGeneralMapping">
<#Include Label="IsGeneralMappingFamily">
<#Include Label="FamilyRange">
<#Include Label="FamilySource">
<#Include Label="FamiliesOfGeneralMappingsAndRanges">
<#Include Label="GeneralMappingsFamily">
<#Include Label="TypeOfDefaultGeneralMapping">

</Section>
</Chapter>


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