// [[Rcpp::depends("RcppArmadillo")]]

#include <RcppArmadillo.h>
#include <Rmath.h>
#include <vector>
#include "twostage.h"

//#include "fastcox.h"
using namespace Rcpp;
using namespace arma;
//
//RcppExport SEXP FastCoxPrep(SEXP EntrySEXP, SEXP ExitSEXP, SEXP StatusSEXP, SEXP XSEXP, SEXP IdSEXP, SEXP TruncationSEXP) {/*{{{*/
//BEGIN_RCPP
//		arma::vec Entry = Rcpp::as<arma::vec>(EntrySEXP);
//	arma::vec  Exit  = Rcpp::as<arma::vec>(ExitSEXP);
//	arma::Col<int> Status= Rcpp::as<arma::Col<int> >(StatusSEXP);
//	arma::mat  X     = Rcpp::as<arma::mat>(XSEXP);
//	try {
//	arma::Col<unsigned> Id    = Rcpp::as<arma::Col<unsigned> >(IdSEXP);
//	}
//	catch(...) {}
//
//	//bool haveId = Rcpp::as<bool>(haveIdSEXP);
//	bool Truncation = Rcpp::as<bool>(TruncationSEXP);
//	// vec Exit = Rcpp::as<vec>(exit);
//	// ivec Status = Rcpp::as<ivec>(status);
//	// mat X = Rcpp::as<mat>(x);
//	// bool haveId = (Rf_isNull)(id);
//	// bool Truncation = !((Rf_isNull)(entry));
//	// bool Truncation = Entry.n_elem>0;
//	// bool haveId = Id.n_elem>0;
//
//	//  unsigned p = X.n_cols;
//	unsigned n = Exit.n_elem;
//	if (Truncation) n *= 2;
//
//	//Rcout << "n=" << X.n_rows << ", p=" << X.n_cols << std::endl;
//
//	mat XX(n, X.n_cols*X.n_cols); // Calculate XX' at each time-point
//	for (unsigned i=0; i<X.n_rows; i++) {
//		rowvec Xi = X.row(i);
//		//    XX.row(i) = reshape(Xi.t()*Xi,1,XX.n_cols);
//		XX.row(i) = vectorise(Xi.t()*Xi,1);
//		if (Truncation) XX.row(i+n/2) = XX.row(i);
//	}
//
//
//	arma::Col<int> Sign;
//	if (Truncation) {
//		// vec Entry = Rcpp::as<vec>(entry);
//		Exit.insert_rows(0,Entry);
//		X.insert_rows(0,X);
//		Status.insert_rows(0,Status);
//		Sign.reshape(n,1); Sign.fill(1);
//		for (unsigned i=0; i<(n/2); i++) Sign(i) = -1;
//		Status = Status%(1+Sign);
//	}
//	//Rcout << "Status=" << Status << std::endl;
//	arma::uvec idx0 = sort_index(Status,"descend");
//	arma::uvec idx = stable_sort_index(Exit.elem(idx0),"ascend");
//	idx = idx0.elem(idx);
//	//Rcout << "idx=" << idx << std::endl;
//	if (Truncation) {
//		Sign = Sign.elem(idx);
//	}
//	if (X.n_rows>0) {
//		XX = XX.rows(idx);
//		X = X.rows(idx);
//	}
//	Status = Status.elem(idx);
//	arma::uvec jumps = find(Status>0);
//	//Rprintf("jumps");
//	arma::Col<unsigned> newId;
//	// if (haveId) {
//	//   // uvec Id = Rcpp::as<uvec>(id);
//	//   if (Truncation) {
//	//     Id.insert_rows(0,Id);
//	//   }
//	//   newId = Id.elem(idx);
//	// }
//
//	return(Rcpp::wrap(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("XX")=XX,
//					Rcpp::Named("X")=X,
//					Rcpp::Named("jumps")=jumps,
//					Rcpp::Named("sign")=Sign,
//					Rcpp::Named("ord")=idx,
//					Rcpp::Named("time")=Exit,
//					Rcpp::Named("id")=newId
//					     )));
//END_RCPP
//}/*}}}*/
//

RcppExport SEXP FastCoxPrepStrata(SEXP EntrySEXP, SEXP ExitSEXP, SEXP StatusSEXP, SEXP XSEXP, SEXP IdSEXP, SEXP TruncationSEXP, SEXP strataSEXP, SEXP weightsSEXP, SEXP offsetsSEXP, SEXP ZSEXP, SEXP caseweightsSEXP
		) {/*{{{*/
	BEGIN_RCPP
	arma::vec Entry = Rcpp::as<arma::vec>(EntrySEXP);
	arma::vec  Exit  = Rcpp::as<arma::vec>(ExitSEXP);
	arma::Col<int> Status= Rcpp::as<arma::Col<int> >(StatusSEXP);
	arma::mat  X     = Rcpp::as<arma::mat>(XSEXP);
	arma::mat  Z     = Rcpp::as<arma::mat>(ZSEXP);
	arma::Col<int> strata= Rcpp::as<arma::Col<int> >(strataSEXP);
	arma::Col<int> Id= Rcpp::as<arma::Col<int> >(IdSEXP);
	//  arma::uvec idx = Rcpp::as<arma::Col<int> >(sortid);
	//  try {
	//    arma::Col<unsigned> Id    = Rcpp::as<arma::Col<unsigned> >(IdSEXP);
	//  }
	//  catch(...) {}

	colvec weights = Rcpp::as<colvec>(weightsSEXP);
	colvec offsets = Rcpp::as<colvec>(offsetsSEXP);
	colvec caseweights = Rcpp::as<arma::vec>(caseweightsSEXP);
	//bool haveId = Rcpp::as<bool>(haveIdSEXP);
	bool Truncation = Rcpp::as<bool>(TruncationSEXP);
	// vec Exit = Rcpp::as<vec>(exit);
	// ivec Status = Rcpp::as<ivec>(status);
	// mat X = Rcpp::as<mat>(x);
	// bool haveId = (Rf_isNull)(id);
	// bool Truncation = !((Rf_isNull)(entry));
	// bool Truncation = Entry.n_elem>0;
	// bool haveId = Id.n_elem>0;

	//  unsigned p = X.n_cols;
	unsigned n = Exit.n_elem;
	if (Truncation) n *= 2;
        unsigned kj=0;

	//Rcout << "n=" << X.n_rows << ", p=" << X.n_cols << std::endl;

	mat XX(n, X.n_cols*(X.n_cols+1)/2); // Calculate XX' at each time-point
	for (unsigned i=0; i<X.n_rows; i++) {
		rowvec Xi = X.row(i);
		//    XX.row(i) = reshape(Xi.t()*Xi,1,XX.n_cols);
//		XX.row(i) = vectorise(Xi.t()*Xi,1);
             kj=0;
	     for (unsigned j=0; j<X.n_cols; j++) 
	     for (unsigned k=j; k<X.n_cols; k++)  {
		XX(i,kj)=X(i,j)*X(i,k);
		kj=kj+1; 
	     }
		if (Truncation) XX.row(i+n/2) = XX.row(i);
	}

//	unsigned nZ = Z.n_rows;
//	if (Truncation) nZ = 2*Z.n_rows;
	mat ZX(n , Z.n_cols * X.n_cols);
	if (Z.n_rows==X.n_rows)
		for (unsigned i=0; i<X.n_rows; i++) {
			rowvec Xi = X.row(i);
			rowvec Zi = Z.row(i);
			ZX.row(i) = vectorise((Xi.t()*Zi),1); // to get back to right form with reshape
			if (Truncation) ZX.row(i+n/2) = ZX.row(i);
		}


	arma::Col<int> Sign;
	Sign.reshape(n,1); Sign.fill(1);
	if (Truncation) {
		// vec Entry = Rcpp::as<vec>(entry);
		Exit.insert_rows(0,Entry);
		X.insert_rows(0,X);
		Z.insert_rows(0,Z);
		Status.insert_rows(0,Status);
		Id.insert_rows(0,Id);
		strata.insert_rows(0,strata);
		weights.insert_rows(0,weights);
		caseweights.insert_rows(0,caseweights);
		offsets.insert_rows(0,offsets);
		for (unsigned i=0; i<(n/2); i++) Sign(i) = -1;
		Status = Status%(1+Sign);
	}
	//Rcout << "Status=" << Status << std::endl;

	// also sorting after id to use multiple phregs together
	// ts 20/3-2018
	arma::uvec idx00 = sort_index(Id,"ascend");
	arma::uvec idx0 = stable_sort_index(Status.elem(idx00),"descend");
	idx0 = idx00.elem(idx0);
	arma::uvec idx = stable_sort_index(Exit.elem(idx0),"ascend");
	idx = idx0.elem(idx);

	//  arma::uvec idx0 = stable_sort_index(Status.elem(idx00),"descend");

	//  arma::uvec idx0 = sort_index(Status,"descend");
	//  arma::uvec idx = stable_sort_index(Exit.elem(idx0),"ascend");
	//  idx = idx0.elem(idx);

	//  arma::uvec idx00 = stable_sort_index(Id.elem(idx),"ascend");
	//  idx = idx00.elem(idx);


	//Rcout << "idx=" << idx << std::endl;
	if (Truncation) {
		Sign = Sign.elem(idx);
	}
	if (X.n_rows>0) {
		XX = XX.rows(idx);
		X = X.rows(idx);
	}
	if (Z.n_rows==X.n_rows) {
		Z = Z.rows(idx);
	}
	if ((ZX.n_rows==XX.n_rows) && (XX.n_rows>0)) {
		ZX = ZX.rows(idx);
	}
	Exit = Exit.elem(idx);
	weights = weights.elem(idx);
	caseweights = caseweights.elem(idx);
	offsets = offsets.elem(idx);
	Status = Status.elem(idx);
        Id = Id.elem(idx);
	strata = strata.elem(idx);
	arma::uvec jumps = find(Status>0);
	//Rprintf("jumps");
	//  arma::Col<unsigned> newId;
	// if (haveId) {
	//   // uvec Id = Rcpp::as<uvec>(id);
	//   if (Truncation) {
	//     Id.insert_rows(0,Id);
	//   }
	//   newId = Id.elem(idx);
	// }

	return(Rcpp::wrap(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("XX")=XX,
					Rcpp::Named("X")=X,
					Rcpp::Named("jumps")=jumps,
					Rcpp::Named("status")=Status,
					Rcpp::Named("sign")=Sign,
					Rcpp::Named("ord")=idx,
					Rcpp::Named("time")=Exit,
					Rcpp::Named("id")=Id,
					Rcpp::Named("weights")=weights,
					Rcpp::Named("caseweights")=caseweights,
					Rcpp::Named("offset")=offsets,
					Rcpp::Named("strata")=strata,
					Rcpp::Named("ZX")=ZX,
					Rcpp::Named("Z")=Z
					)));
	END_RCPP
}/*}}}*/

colvec  whichi(IntegerVector a,int n, int j) {/*{{{*/
	colvec res(n);
	for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
		res(i)=(a(i)==j);
	}
	return(res);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP revcumsumR(SEXP ia) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	colvec res = a;
	double prev=0;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		prev += a(n-i-1);
		res(n-i-1) = prev;
	}
	List rres;
	rres["res"]=res;

	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

colvec revcumsum(const colvec &a) {/*{{{*/
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	colvec res = a;
	double prev=0;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		prev += a(n-i-1);
		res(n-i-1) = prev;
	}
	return(res);
}/*}}}*/

colvec revcumsum(const colvec &a, const colvec &v1, const colvec &v2) {/*{{{*/
	return(revcumsum(a%v1)/v2);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP sumstrataR(SEXP ia,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=intstrata(i);
		if ((ss< nstrata) && (ss>=0))
			tmpsum(ss) += a(i);
	}
	List rres;
	rres["res"]=tmpsum;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

colvec  sumstrata(colvec a,IntegerVector strata,int nstrata) {/*{{{*/
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	colvec tmpsum(nstrata);
	tmpsum.zeros(); tmpsum.zeros();

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(i);
		if ((ss< nstrata) && (ss>=0))
			tmpsum(ss) += a(i);
	}
	return(tmpsum);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP cumsumstrataR(SEXP ia,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec res = a;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=intstrata(i);
		if ((ss<nstrata) && (ss>=0))  {
			tmpsum(ss) += a(i);
			res(i) = tmpsum(ss);
		}
	}
	List rres;
	rres["res"]=res;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP diffstrataR(SEXP ia,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec res = a;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=intstrata(i);
			res(i) = a(i)-tmpsum(ss);
			tmpsum(ss) = a(i);
	}
	List rres;
	rres["res"]=res;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP tailstrataR(SEXP in, SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	int n = Rcpp::as<int>(in);
	int nfound=0;

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec foundss(nstrata); foundss.zeros();
	colvec wheress(nstrata); foundss.zeros();

	for (signed i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=intstrata(n-1-i);
		if (foundss(ss) < 0.5 )  { foundss(ss)=1; nfound=+1; wheress(ss)=n-1-i+1; }
		if (nfound==nstrata) break;
	}

	List rres;
	rres["nfound"]=nfound;
	rres["found"]=foundss;
	rres["where"]=wheress;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP headstrataR(SEXP in, SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	int n = Rcpp::as<int>(in);
	int nfound=0;

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec foundss(nstrata); foundss.zeros();
	colvec wheress(nstrata); foundss.zeros();

	for (signed i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=intstrata(i);
		if (foundss(ss) < 0.5 )  { foundss(ss)=1; nfound=+1; wheress(ss)=i+1; }
		if (nfound==nstrata) break;
	}

	List rres;
	rres["nfound"]=nfound;
	rres["found"]=foundss;
	rres["where"]=wheress;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

colvec  cumsumstrata(colvec a,IntegerVector strata,int nstrata) {/*{{{*/
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	colvec tmpsum(nstrata);
	tmpsum.zeros(); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec res = a;

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(i);
		if ((ss<nstrata) && (ss>=0))  {
			tmpsum(ss) += a(i);
			res(i) = tmpsum(ss);
		}
	}

	return(res);
}/*}}}*/

colvec  cumsumstrataPO(colvec w,colvec S0,IntegerVector strata,int nstrata,double propodds,colvec exb) {/*{{{*/
	unsigned n = S0.n_rows;
	colvec tmpsum(nstrata);
	tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec res = S0;
	colvec pow = S0;

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(i);
		if ((ss<nstrata) && (ss>=0))  {
			if (propodds>0)  pow(i)=(1+propodds*exb(i)*tmpsum(ss));
			tmpsum(ss) += pow(i)*w(i)/S0(i);
			res(i) = tmpsum(ss);
		}
	}

	return(pow);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP cumsumstrataPOR(SEXP iw,SEXP iS0,SEXP istrata,SEXP instrata,SEXP ipropodds,SEXP iexb) {/*{{{*/
	colvec w = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iw);
	colvec S0 = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iS0);
	colvec exb = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iexb);
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	double propodds = Rcpp::as<double>(ipropodds);

	colvec pow= cumsumstrataPO(w,S0,strata,nstrata,propodds,exb);
	List rres;
	rres["pow"]=pow;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

mat DLambeta(colvec weights,colvec S0,mat E,mat Xi,IntegerVector strata,int nstrata,double propodds,colvec exb) {/*{{{*/
	unsigned n = S0.n_rows;
	unsigned p = E.n_cols;
	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	mat dLbetatminus(nstrata,p); dLbetatminus.zeros();
	colvec res = S0;
	colvec pow = S0;
	mat dLbeta(n,p); dLbeta.zeros();

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(i);
		//    if (propodds>0)
		pow(i)=(1+propodds*exb(i)*tmpsum(ss));
		dLbeta.row(i) = dLbetatminus.row(ss)+weights(i)*
			( (dLbetatminus.row(ss)*exb(i)+Xi.row(i)*(pow(i)-1))/S0(i)-E.row(i)*pow(i)/S0(i));
		tmpsum(ss) += weights(i)*pow(i)/S0(i);
		res(i) = tmpsum(ss);
		dLbetatminus.row(ss) = dLbeta.row(i);
	}

	return(dLbeta);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP DLambetaR(SEXP iweights,SEXP iS0,SEXP iE,SEXP iXi,SEXP istrata,SEXP instrata,SEXP ipropodds,SEXP iexb) {/*{{{*/

	colvec weights = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iweights);
	colvec S0 = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iS0);
	colvec exb = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iexb);
	mat E = Rcpp::as<mat>(iE);
	mat Xi = Rcpp::as<mat>(iXi);
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	double propodds = Rcpp::as<double>(ipropodds);

	mat dLam= DLambeta(weights,S0,E,Xi,strata,nstrata,propodds,exb);

	List rres;
	rres["res"]=dLam;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

colvec  cumsumstrataAddGam(colvec a,IntegerVector strata,int nstrata, colvec exb,colvec etheta,cube thetades,cube rv,mat ags, uvec Jumps) {/*{{{*/
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	colvec tmpsum(nstrata);
	tmpsum.zeros(); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec res = a;
	colvec pow = a;
	vec allvec(6);
	vec DthetaS(etheta.n_elem),DthetaDtS(etheta.n_elem);
	colvec exbs(2);

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(i);
		mat thetadesv=thetades.slice(i);
		mat rv1=rv.slice(i);
		// ordered after time and comes two and two
		if (strata(i)==0) { exbs(0)=exb(Jumps(i)); exbs(1)=exb(Jumps(i)+1); }
		if (strata(i)==1) { exbs(1)=exb(Jumps(i)); exbs(0)=exb(Jumps(i)+1); }
		//    exbs(0)=exb(Jumps(i)); exbs(1)=exb(0);
		//    exbs(1)=exb(i);
		//    printf(" %d %d \n",(int) JumpsCauses(i,0),JumpsCauses(i,1));
		//    exbs.print("exbs");
		double ll=survivalRVCmarg(etheta,thetadesv,ags,strata(i)+1,exbs%tmpsum,rv1,DthetaS,DthetaDtS,allvec);
		//    Rprintf(" %d %d %lf %lf %lf \n",i,strata(i),ll,allvec(0),1/a(i));
		//    etheta.print("etheta");
		//    thetadesv.print("thetades");
		//    tmpsum.print("tmpsum");
		//    rv1.print("rv1");
		pow(i)=allvec(0)/ll; //   S / D_1 S
		if ((ss<nstrata) && (ss>=0))  {
			tmpsum(ss) += pow(i)/a(i);
			res(i) = tmpsum(ss);
		}
	}

	return(pow);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP revcumsumstrataR(SEXP ia,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec res = a;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=intstrata(n-i-1);
		if ((ss<nstrata) && (ss>=0))  {
			tmpsum(ss) += a(n-i-1);
			res(n-i-1) = tmpsum(ss);
		}
	}

	List rres;
	rres["res"]=res;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP revcumsum2strataR(SEXP ia,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata,SEXP istrata2,SEXP instrata2) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
//	mat Gtc = Rcpp::as<mat>(iGtc);
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
        IntegerVector strata2(istrata2);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	int nstrata2 = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata2);

	unsigned n = a.n_rows;


//	printf(" %i %i \n",nstrata,nstrata2); 
//	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
//		Rprintf(" %d %d \n",strata(n-i-1),strata2(n-i-1)); 
//		Rprintf("\n"); 
//	}

	mat Ss(n,nstrata2);
	mat tmpsum(nstrata,nstrata2); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec res = a;
	colvec lagres = a;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(n-i-1); int ss2=strata2(n-i-1);
//		printf(" %d %d \n",ss,ss2); 
		lagres(n-i-1)=tmpsum(ss,ss2);
		tmpsum(ss,ss2) += a(n-i-1);
		for (int k=0;k<nstrata2;k++) Ss(n-i-1,k)=tmpsum(ss,k);
//		for (int k=0;k<nstrata2;k++) Rprintf(" %lf",tmpsum(ss,k)); Rprintf("\n"); 
		res(n-i-1)=tmpsum(ss,ss2);
	}

//	Ss.print(); 

	List rres;
	rres["res"]=res;
	rres["lagres"]=lagres;
	rres["mres"]=Ss;
//	rres["strata"]=strata; rres["strata2"]=strata2;
//	rres["nstrata"]=nstrata; rres["nstrata2"]=nstrata2;

	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP revcumsum2stratafdNR(SEXP ia, SEXP idN, SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata, SEXP istrata2, SEXP instrata2, SEXP istarta) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	colvec dN = Rcpp::as<colvec>(idN);
//	mat Gtc = Rcpp::as<mat>(iGtc);
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
        IntegerVector strata2(istrata2);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	int nstrata2 = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata2);
	colvec starta = Rcpp::as<colvec>(istarta);

	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	vec at(nstrata); at.zeros();
	for (unsigned i=0; i<nstrata; i++) at(i)=starta(i);

	mat tmpsum(nstrata,nstrata2); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec res = a;
	colvec lagres = a;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(n-i-1); int ss2=strata2(n-i-1);
		at(ss)=a(n-i-1);
		lagres(n-i-1)=tmpsum(ss,ss2);
	        for (unsigned k=0;k<nstrata; k++) tmpsum(k,ss2)+=at(k)*dN(n-i-1);
//		printf(" %lf %lf \n",at(ss),dN(n-i-1));
//		tmpsum.print("tmpsum");
		res(n-i-1)=tmpsum(ss,ss2);
	}

	List rres;
	rres["res"]=res;
	rres["lagres"]=lagres;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP S0_FG_GcR(SEXP ia,SEXP iGc,SEXP itype2,SEXP istatus,SEXP istrata,SEXP instrata,SEXP istrata2,SEXP instrata2,SEXP iGcstart) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	colvec Gc = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iGc);
	colvec Gcstart = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iGcstart);
	IntegerVector status(istatus);
	IntegerVector type2(itype2);
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
	unsigned nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
        IntegerVector strata2(istrata2);
	unsigned nstrata2 = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata2);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

        // strata 2 er C-strata,  
	// first compute S0(nstrata,nstrataC+1) for all time points 
	// type is 1 when type is other dead, and type  is 0 when normal risk
	mat tmpsum(nstrata,nstrata2+1); tmpsum.zeros();
        mat S0s(n,nstrata2+1); S0s.zeros();
	colvec S0sc = a;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(n-i-1); 
		// censureringstrata put to 0 for non type2
		int ss2=type2(n-i-1)*(strata2(n-i-1)+1);
		tmpsum(ss,ss2) += a(n-i-1);
		S0sc(n-i-1)=tmpsum(ss,ss2);
		// put all things in matrix when event 
		if (status(n-i-1)>0) for (unsigned k=0;k<nstrata2+1; k++) S0s(n-i-1,k)=tmpsum(ss,k); 
	}

       vec Gct(nstrata2+1); for (unsigned  i=0; i<nstrata2; i++) Gct(i+1)=Gcstart(i);
       Gct(0)=1; 

       // whenever jump compute S_ss(t) = \sum_c G_c(t) S_ss,c(t) 
	colvec S0res = 0*S0sc; 
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		// int ss=strata(i);
		int ss2=(strata2(i)+1);
		Gct(ss2)=Gc(i); 

		// only compute for jumps 
		if (status(i)>0) for (unsigned k=0;k<nstrata2+1; k++) S0res(i)+=S0s(i,k)*Gct(k); 
	}

	List rres;
	rres["S0"]=S0res;
	rres["S0m"]=S0s;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

//
//RcppExport SEXP S0_N_GcR(SEXP ia,SEXP iGc,SEXP itype2,SEXP istatus,SEXP istrata,SEXP instrata,SEXP istrata2,SEXP instrata2,SEXP iGcstart) {/*{{{*/
//	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
//	colvec Gc = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iGc);
//	colvec Gcstart = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iGcstart);
//	IntegerVector status(istatus);
//	IntegerVector type2(itype2);
//	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
//	unsigned nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
//        IntegerVector strata2(istrata2);
//	unsigned nstrata2 = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata2);
//	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
//
//        // strata 2 er C-strata,  
//	// first compute S0(nstrata,nstrataC+1) for all time points 
//	// type is 1 when type is other dead, and type  is 0 when normal risk
//	mat tmpsum(nstrata,nstrata2+1); tmpsum.zeros();
//        mat S0s(n,nstrata2+1); S0s.zeros();
//	colvec S0sc = a;
//	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
//		int ss=strata(n-i-1); 
//		// censureringstrata put to 0 for non type2
//		int ss2=type2(n-i-1)*(strata2(n-i-1)+1);
//		tmpsum(ss,ss2) += a(n-i-1);
//		S0sc(n-i-1)=tmpsum(ss,ss2);
//		// put all things in matrix when event 
//		if (status(n-i-1)>0) for (unsigned k=0;k<nstrata2+1; k++) S0s(n-i-1,k)=tmpsum(ss,k); 
//	}
//
//       vec Gct(nstrata2+1); for (unsigned  i=0; i<nstrata2; i++) Gct(i+1)=Gcstart(i);
//       Gct(0)=1; 
//
//       // whenever jump compute S_ss(t) = \sum_c G_c(t) S_ss,c(t) 
//	colvec S0res = 0*S0sc; 
//	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
//		int ss=strata(i); 
//		int ss2=(strata2(i)+1);
//		Gct(ss2)=Gc(i); 
//
//		// only compute for jumps 
//		if (status(i)>0) for (unsigned k=0;k<nstrata2+1; k++) S0res(i)+=S0s(i,k)/Gct(k); 
//	}
//
//	List rres;
//	rres["S0"]=S0res;
//	rres["S0m"]=S0s;
//	return(rres);
//}/*}}}*/
//

RcppExport SEXP cumsum2strataR(SEXP ia,SEXP idN,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata,SEXP istrata2,SEXP instrata2,SEXP istarta) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	colvec dN = Rcpp::as<colvec>(idN);
	colvec starta = Rcpp::as<colvec>(istarta);
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
        IntegerVector strata2(istrata2);
	unsigned nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned nstrata2 = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata2);

	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	vec at(nstrata); for (unsigned i=0; i<nstrata; i++) at(i)=starta(i);
	mat tmpsum(nstrata,nstrata2); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec res = a; colvec lagres = a;

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(i);
		int ss2=strata2(i);
		at(ss)=a(i);
		lagres(i)=tmpsum(ss,ss2);
	        for (unsigned k=0;k<nstrata; k++) tmpsum(k,ss2)+=at(k)*dN(i);
		res(i)=tmpsum(ss,ss2);
	}

	List rres;
	rres["res"]=res;
	rres["lagres"]=lagres;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP vecAllStrataR(SEXP ia,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	mat Ss(n,nstrata);
	colvec res = a;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(i);
		tmpsum(ss) = a(i);
		for (int k=0;k<nstrata;k++) Ss(i,k)= tmpsum(k);
		res(i) = tmpsum(ss);
	}

	List rres;
	rres["res"]=Ss;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP vecAllStrataRevcumsumR(SEXP ia,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	mat Ss(n,nstrata);
	colvec res = a;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(n-i-1);
		tmpsum(ss) += a(n-i-1);
		for (int k=0;k<nstrata;k++) Ss(n-i-1,k)= tmpsum(k);
		res(n-i-1) = tmpsum(ss);
	}

	List rres;
	rres["mres"]=Ss;
	rres["vres"]=res;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP indexstrataR(SEXP istrata,SEXP iindex,SEXP itype,SEXP instrata,SEXP iright) {/*{{{*/
//	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
	IntegerVector index(iindex);
	IntegerVector type(itype);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	int right= Rcpp::as<int>(iright);
	unsigned n = strata.size();

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	int ntype=0; 
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) ntype+=type(i); 
	mat res(ntype,2); 
	int j=ntype; 
	colvec fmax0(nstrata); colvec max0index(nstrata);

	if (right==1)  {
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(n-i-1);
		int typel=type(n-i-1); 
		if (typel==0) { 
			tmpsum(ss)=index(n-i-1);
			if (fmax0(ss)==0)  { max0index(ss)=index(n-i-1);  fmax0(ss)=1;}
		}
		if (typel==1) { 
			j=j-1; 
			res(j,0)=tmpsum(ss);
			res(j,1)=index(n-i-1); 
		}
	}
	} else {
        for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(i);
		int typel=type(i); 
		if (typel==0) { 
			tmpsum(ss)=index(i);
			if (fmax0(ss)==0)  { max0index(ss)=index(n-i-1);  fmax0(ss)=1;}
		}
		if (typel==1) { 
			j=j-1; 
			res(j,0)=tmpsum(ss);
			res(j,1)=index(i); 
		}
	}
	}

	List rres;
	rres["res"]=res;
	rres["maxmin"]=max0index;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP wherestrataR(SEXP ir,SEXP ia,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	colvec r = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ir);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec nsum(nstrata); nsum.zeros();
	colvec maxv(nstrata); maxv.zeros();
	colvec minv(nstrata); minv.zeros();
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=intstrata(i);
		double irs = r(ss);
		if ((a(i) > maxv(ss)) || (nsum(ss)==0)) maxv(ss)=a(i);
		if ((a(i) < minv(ss)) || (nsum(ss)==0)) minv(ss)=a(i);
		if (irs>a(i)) tmpsum(ss)=nsum(ss);
		nsum(ss)+=1;
	}

	List rres;
	rres["where"]=tmpsum;
	rres["max"]=maxv;
	rres["min"]=minv;
	rres["nstrata"]=nsum;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP maxminidR(SEXP ia,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	colvec nsum(nstrata); nsum.zeros();
	colvec maxv(nstrata); maxv.zeros();
	colvec minv(nstrata); minv.zeros();
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=intstrata(i);
		if ((a(i) > maxv(ss)) || (nsum(ss)==0)) maxv(ss)=a(i);
		if ((a(i) < minv(ss)) || (nsum(ss)==0)) minv(ss)=a(i);
		nsum(ss)+=1;
	}

	List rres;
	rres["max"]=maxv;
	rres["min"]=minv;
	rres["nstrata"]=nsum;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP riskstrataR(SEXP ia,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	//  colvec res = a;
	mat res(n,nstrata); res.zeros();
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=intstrata(n-i-1);
		tmpsum(ss) += a(n-i-1);
		res(n-i-1,ss) = a(n-i-1);
	}

	List rres;
	rres["risk"]=res;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

colvec revcumsumstrata(const colvec &a,IntegerVector strata,int nstrata) {/*{{{*/
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec res = a;

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(n-i-1);
		if ((ss<nstrata) && (ss>=0))  {
			tmpsum(ss) += a(n-i-1);
			res(n-i-1) = tmpsum(ss);
		}
	}
	return(res);
}//}}}

colvec revcumsumstrata1(const colvec &a,const  colvec &v1,const  colvec &v2, IntegerVector strata,int nstrata) {/*{{{*/
	return(revcumsumstrata(a%v1,strata,nstrata)/v2);
}/*}}}*/

colvec revcumsumstratalag(const colvec &a,IntegerVector strata,int nstrata) {/*{{{*/
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec res = a;

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(n-i-1);
		res(n-i-1) = tmpsum(ss);
		tmpsum(ss) += a(n-i-1);
	}
	return(res);
}/*}}}*/

mat  revcumsumstrataMatCols(const mat  &a,const  colvec &v1,const  colvec &v2, IntegerVector strata,int nstrata) { /*{{{*/
	mat res =a;
	unsigned p=a.n_cols;
	for (unsigned j=0; j<p; j++) {
		res.col(j) = revcumsumstrata1(a.col(j),v1,v2,strata,nstrata);
	}
	return(res);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP cumsumstratasumR(SEXP ia,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	//  mat b = Rcpp::as<mat>(ib);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec ressum = a;
	colvec lagressum = a;
	colvec ressqu = a;
	// double cumsum=0;
	int first=0,ss;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		ss=intstrata(i);
		// valid strata update
		if ((first>0.1) && (i>=1)&& (ss<nstrata) && (ss>=0))
			ressqu(i)=ressqu(i-1)+pow(a(i),2)+2*a(i)*tmpsum(ss);
			lagressum(i)=tmpsum(ss);
			tmpsum(ss) += a(i);
			// cumsum+=a(i);
			if (first<0.1) ressqu(i) = pow(a(i),2);
			first=1;
		ressum(i) = tmpsum(ss);
	}

	List rres;
	rres["sumsquare"]=ressqu;
	rres["sum"]=ressum;
	rres["lagsum"]=lagressum;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP revcumsumstratasumR(SEXP ia,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec tmpsqr(nstrata);  tmpsqr.zeros();
	colvec cumsum(nstrata);  cumsum.zeros();
	colvec ressum = a;
	colvec lagressum = a;
	colvec ressqu = a;
	colvec lagressqu(n);
	int ss;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		ss=intstrata(n-i-1);
		lagressqu(n-i-1)=tmpsqr(ss);
		lagressum(n-i-1)=cumsum(ss);
		ressqu(n-i-1)=tmpsqr(ss)+pow(a(n-i-1),2)+2*a(n-i-1)*tmpsum(ss);
		tmpsum(ss) += a(n-i-1);
		cumsum(ss)+=a(n-i-1);
		ressum(n-i-1) = cumsum(ss);
		tmpsqr(ss)=ressqu(n-i-1);
	}

	List rres;
	rres["sumsquare"]=ressqu;
	rres["lagsumsquare"]=lagressqu;
	rres["sum"]=ressum;
	rres["lagsum"]=lagressum;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP covrfR(SEXP ia,SEXP ib, SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	colvec b = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ib);
	//  mat b = Rcpp::as<mat>(ib);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	colvec tmpsumrev(nstrata); tmpsumrev.zeros();
	colvec ressqu = a;
	int ss;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		ss=intstrata(n-i-1);
		if ((ss<nstrata) && (ss>=0)) tmpsumrev(ss) += b(n-i-1);
	}

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec tmpsqr(nstrata);  tmpsqr.zeros();
	//  colvec first(nstrata);  first.zeros();
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		ss=intstrata(i);
		// valid strata update
		if (((ss<nstrata) && (ss>=0))) {
			ressqu(i)=tmpsqr(ss)-a(i)*tmpsumrev(ss)+b(i)*tmpsum(ss)+a(i)*b(i);
			tmpsumrev(ss) -= b(i);
			tmpsum(ss)    += a(i);
			tmpsqr(ss)=ressqu(i);
		}
	}

	List rres; rres["covs"]=ressqu;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP cumsumidstratasumCovR(SEXP ia,SEXP ib,SEXP iid,SEXP inid,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	colvec b = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ib);
	//  mat b = Rcpp::as<mat>(ib);
	IntegerVector id(iid);
	int nid = Rcpp::as<int>(inid);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	int lid,ss;

	mat tmpsuma(nstrata,nid); tmpsuma.zeros();
	mat tmpsumb(nstrata,nid); tmpsumb.zeros();
	colvec tmpsqr(nstrata);  tmpsqr.zeros();
	//  colvec ressqu = a; colvec ressumu = a;
	colvec ressuma = a;
	colvec ressumb = b;
	colvec ressqu = a;
	colvec cumsuma(nstrata); cumsuma.zeros();
	colvec cumsumb(nstrata); cumsumb.zeros();
	colvec first(nstrata);  first.zeros();

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		ss=intstrata(i); lid=id(i);
		// valid strata update
		if ((ss<nstrata) && (ss>=0)) {
			ressqu(i)=tmpsqr(ss)+a(i)*b(i)+a(i)*tmpsumb(ss,lid)+b(i)*tmpsuma(ss,lid);
			tmpsuma(ss,lid) += a(i);
			tmpsumb(ss,lid) += b(i);
			cumsuma(ss) += a(i);
			cumsumb(ss) += b(i);
			ressuma(i) = cumsum(ss);
			ressumb(i) = cumsum(ss);
			tmpsqr(ss)=ressqu(i);
		}
	}

	List rres;
	rres["sumsquare"]=ressqu;
	rres["suma"]=ressuma;
	rres["sumb"]=ressumb;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP cumsumidstratasumR(SEXP ia,SEXP iid,SEXP inid,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	//  mat b = Rcpp::as<mat>(ib);
	IntegerVector id(iid);
	int nid = Rcpp::as<int>(inid);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	int lid,ss;

	mat tmpsum(nstrata,nid); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec tmpsqr(nstrata);  tmpsqr.zeros();
	//  colvec ressqu = a; colvec ressumu = a;
	colvec ressum = a;
	colvec ressumid = a;
	colvec lagressumid = a;
	colvec lagressum = a;
	colvec ressqu = a;
	colvec cumsum(nstrata); cumsum.zeros();
	colvec first(nstrata);  first.zeros();

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		ss=intstrata(i); lid=id(i);
		// valid strata update
		ressqu(i)=tmpsqr(ss)+pow(a(i),2)+2*a(i)*tmpsum(ss,lid);
		lagressum(i)=cumsum(ss);
		lagressumid(i)=tmpsum(ss,lid);
		tmpsum(ss,lid) += a(i);
		cumsum(ss) += a(i);
		ressum(i) = cumsum(ss);
		ressumid(i) = tmpsum(ss,lid);
		tmpsqr(ss)=ressqu(i);
	}

	List rres;
	rres["sumsquare"]=ressqu;
	rres["sum"]=ressum;
	rres["lagsum"]=lagressum;
	rres["sumidstrata"]=ressumid;
	rres["lagsumidstrata"]=lagressumid;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

colvec cumsumAS(const colvec &a,IntegerVector strata,int nstrata) {/*{{{*/
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec ressum = a;
	ressum(0)=0;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(i);
		ressum(i)+=a(i)-tmpsum(ss);
		tmpsum(ss)=a(i);
	}
return(ressum);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP cumsumASR(SEXP ia, SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	//  mat b = Rcpp::as<mat>(ib);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;

	colvec tmpsum(nstrata); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec ressum = a;
	double sums=0;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=intstrata(i);
//		Rprintf(" %ld %ld %ld \n",n,ss,i);
		ressum(i) = sums+a(i)-tmpsum(ss);
		tmpsum(ss)=a(i);
		sums=ressum(i);
	}

List rres;
rres["sum"]=ressum;
return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP meanriskR(SEXP ia, SEXP iid,SEXP inid,SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	//  IntegerVector a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	//  IntegerVector a(ia);
	//  int n = a1.n_rows;
	int n = a.n_rows;
	IntegerVector id(iid);
	int nid = Rcpp::as<int>(inid);
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);

	colvec res=a;
	colvec mean(n); mean.zeros();
	colvec tot(n);  tot.zeros();

	for (int i=0; i<nid; i++) {
		res=revcumsumstrata(a%whichi(id,n,i),strata,nstrata);
		if (i>0) mean=mean+i*res;
		tot=tot+res;
	}
	mean=mean/tot;

	List rres;
	rres["meanrisk"]=mean;
	rres["risk"]=tot;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP revcumsumidstratasumR(SEXP ia,SEXP iid, SEXP inid, SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	//  mat b = Rcpp::as<mat>(ib);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	IntegerVector id(iid);
	int nid = Rcpp::as<int>(inid);
	int lid,ss;

	mat tmpsum(nstrata,nid); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec tmpsqr(nstrata);  tmpsqr.zeros();
	//  colvec ressqu = a; colvec ressumu = a;
	colvec ressum = a;
	colvec ressumid = a;
	colvec lagressum(n);
	colvec ressqu = a;
	colvec lagressqu(n); // lagressqu.zeros
	colvec cumsum(nstrata); cumsum.zeros();
	colvec first(nstrata);  first.zeros();

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		ss=intstrata(n-i-1); lid=id(n-i-1);
		lagressqu(n-i-1)=tmpsqr(ss);  // previous from
		ressqu(n-i-1)=tmpsqr(ss)+pow(a(n-i-1),2)+2*a(n-i-1)*tmpsum(ss,lid);
		tmpsum(ss,lid) += a(n-i-1);
		lagressum(n-i-1)=cumsum(ss);  // previous sum from
		cumsum(ss)+=a(n-i-1);
		ressum(n-i-1)=cumsum(ss);
		ressumid(n-i-1)=tmpsum(ss,lid);
		tmpsqr(ss)=ressqu(n-i-1);
	}

	List rres;
	rres["sumsquare"]=ressqu;
	rres["lagsumsquare"]=lagressqu;
	rres["lagsum"]=lagressum;
	rres["sum"]=ressum;
	rres["sumidstrata"]=ressumid;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP revcumsumidstratasumCovR(SEXP ia,SEXP ib,SEXP iid, SEXP inid, SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	colvec b = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ib);
	//  mat b = Rcpp::as<mat>(ib);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	IntegerVector id(iid);
	int nid = Rcpp::as<int>(inid);
	int lid,ss;

	mat tmpsuma(nstrata,nid); tmpsuma.zeros();
	mat tmpsumb(nstrata,nid); tmpsumb.zeros();
	colvec cumsuma(nstrata); cumsuma.zeros();
	colvec cumsumb(nstrata); cumsumb.zeros();
	colvec tmpsqr(nstrata);  tmpsqr.zeros();
	//  colvec ressqu = a; colvec ressumu = a;
	colvec ressum = a;
	colvec lagressum(n);
	colvec ressqu = a;
	colvec lagressqu(n); // lagressqu.zeros
	colvec first(nstrata);  first.zeros();

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		ss=intstrata(n-i-1); lid=id(n-i-1);
		// valid strata update
		if ((ss<nstrata) && (ss>=0)) {
			//    if ((first(ss)>0.1)) {
			lagressqu(n-i-1)=tmpsqr(ss);  // previous from
			lagressum(n-i-1)=cumsum(ss);  // previous sum from
			ressqu(n-i-1)=tmpsqr(ss)+a(n-i-1)*b(n-i-1)+a(n-i-1)*tmpsumb(ss,lid)+b(n-i-1)*tmpsuma(ss,lid);
			//    }
			tmpsuma(ss,lid) += a(n-i-1);
			tmpsumb(ss,lid) += b(n-i-1);
			//    cumsuma(ss)+=a(n-i-1);
			//    cumsumb(ss)+=b(n-i-1);
			// first
			//    if (first(ss)<0.1) {ressqu(n-i-1)=a(n-i-1)*b(n-i-1); first(ss)=1; lagressqu(n-i-1)=0; lagressum(n-i-1)=0; }
			//    ressqu(n-i-1) = sum(tmpsum%tmpsum);
			//    tmpsum.print("pp");
			//    ressuma(n-i-1)=cumsum(ss);
			//    ressumb(n-i-1)=cumsum(ss);
			tmpsqr(ss)=ressqu(n-i-1);
		}
	}

	List rres;
	rres["sumsquare"]=ressqu;
	rres["lagsumsquare"]=lagressqu;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP covrfstrataR(SEXP ia,SEXP ib, SEXP iid,SEXP inid, SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	colvec b = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ib);
	//  mat b = Rcpp::as<mat>(ib);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	IntegerVector id(iid);
	int nid = Rcpp::as<int>(inid);
	int lid,ss;

	mat tmpsumrev(nstrata,nid); tmpsumrev.zeros();
	mat tmpsum(nstrata,nid); tmpsum.zeros();
	colvec tmpcov(nstrata);  tmpcov.zeros();
	colvec ressum = a; colvec rescov = a;
	colvec cumsum(nstrata); cumsum.zeros();
	colvec first(nstrata);  first.zeros();

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		ss=intstrata(n-i-1); lid=id(n-i-1);
		tmpsumrev(ss,lid) += b(n-i-1);
	}

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		ss=intstrata(i); lid=id(i);
		rescov(i)= tmpcov(ss)+a(i)*tmpsumrev(ss,lid)-b(i)*tmpsum(ss,lid)-a(i)*b(i);
		tmpsum(ss,lid)    += a(i);
		tmpsumrev(ss,lid) -= b(i);
		tmpcov(ss)=rescov(i);
	}

	List rres; rres["covs"]=rescov;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP covrfstrataCovR(SEXP ia,SEXP ib,SEXP ia2,SEXP ib2,SEXP iid,SEXP inid, SEXP istrata, SEXP instrata) {/*{{{*/
	colvec a = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia);
	colvec b = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ib);
	colvec a2 = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ia2);
	colvec b2 = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ib2);
	//  mat b = Rcpp::as<mat>(ib);
	IntegerVector intstrata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	IntegerVector id(iid);
	int nid = Rcpp::as<int>(inid);
	int lid,ss;

	mat tmpsumrev(nstrata,nid); tmpsumrev.zeros();
	mat tmpsumrev2(nstrata,nid); tmpsumrev2.zeros();
	mat tmpsum(nstrata,nid); tmpsum.zeros();
	mat tmpsum2(nstrata,nid); tmpsum2.zeros();
	colvec tmpsqr(nstrata);  tmpsqr.zeros();
	//  colvec ressqu = a; colvec ressumu = a;
	colvec ressum = a;
	colvec ressqu = a;
	colvec cumsum(nstrata); cumsum.zeros();
	colvec first(nstrata);  first.zeros();

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		ss=intstrata(n-i-1); lid=id(n-i-1);
		tmpsumrev(ss,lid) += b(n-i-1);
		tmpsumrev2(ss,lid) += b2(n-i-1);
	}

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		ss=intstrata(i); lid=id(i);
		ressqu(i)=tmpsqr(ss)-a(i)*tmpsumrev2(ss,lid)+b2(i)*tmpsum(ss,lid)+a(i)*b2(i);
		tmpsumrev2(ss,lid) -= b2(i);
		tmpsum(ss,lid)    += a(i);
		tmpsqr(ss)=ressqu(i);
	}

	List rres; rres["covs"]=ressqu;
	return(rres);
}/*}}}*/

//
//RcppExport SEXP FastCoxPL(SEXP betaSEXP, SEXP XSEXP, SEXP XXSEXP, SEXP SignSEXP, SEXP JumpsSEXP) {/*{{{*/
//	BEGIN_RCPP
//		colvec beta = Rcpp::as<colvec>(betaSEXP);
//	mat X = Rcpp::as<mat>(XSEXP);
//	mat XX = Rcpp::as<mat>(XXSEXP);
//	arma::uvec Jumps = Rcpp::as<uvec >(JumpsSEXP);
//	arma::Col<int> Sign = Rcpp::as<arma::Col<int> >(SignSEXP);
//	// unsigned n = X.n_rows;
//	unsigned p = X.n_cols;
//
//	colvec Xb = X*beta;
//	colvec eXb = exp(Xb);
//	if (Sign.n_rows==eXb.n_rows) { // Truncation
//		eXb = Sign%eXb;
//	}
//
//	colvec S0 = revcumsum(eXb);
//	mat E(X.n_rows,p); // S1/S0(s)
//	for (unsigned j=0; j<p; j++) {
//		E.col(j) = revcumsum(X.col(j),eXb,S0);
//	}
//
//	E = E.rows(Jumps);
//	mat E2(E.n_rows, E.n_cols*E.n_cols); // Calculate E' E at each time-point
//	for (unsigned i=0; i<E.n_rows; i++) {
//		rowvec Xi = E.row(i);
//		E2.row(i) = vectorise(Xi.t()*Xi,1);
//	}
//
//	mat XX2 = XX;
//	for (unsigned j=0; j<XX2.n_cols; j++) { // int S2/S0(s)
//		XX2.col(j) = revcumsum(XX2.col(j),eXb,S0);
//	}
//
//	XX2 = XX2.rows(Jumps);
//	//  X = X.rows(Jumps);
//	S0 = S0.elem(Jumps);
//	mat grad = (X.rows(Jumps)-E); // Score
//	vec val = Xb.elem(Jumps)-log(S0); // Partial log-likelihood
//	mat hesst = -(XX2-E2);
//	mat hess = reshape(sum(hesst),p,p);
//
//	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("jumps")=Jumps,
//				Rcpp::Named("ploglik")=sum(val),
//				Rcpp::Named("U")=grad,
//				Rcpp::Named("gradient")=sum(grad),
//				Rcpp::Named("hessian")=hess,
//				Rcpp::Named("hessianttime")=hesst,
//				Rcpp::Named("S2S0")=XX,
//				Rcpp::Named("E")=E,
//				Rcpp::Named("S0")=S0
//				));
//	END_RCPP
//}/*}}}*/
//

mat  vecmatCP(mat a)
{/*{{{*/
	unsigned n = a.n_rows;
	unsigned p1 = a.n_cols;
	unsigned kj=0; 

	mat res(n,p1*(p1+1)/2);
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
             kj=0;
	     for (unsigned j=0; j<p1; j++) 
	     for (unsigned k=j; k<p1; k++)  {
		res(i,kj)=a(i,j)*a(i,k);
		kj=kj+1; 
	     }
	}
	return(res);
} /*}}}*/

mat lower2fullXX(rowvec a, int p)
{/*{{{*/
	mat XX(p,p); 
	unsigned kj=0;
	for (unsigned i=0; i<p; i++) 
	for (unsigned j=i; j<p; j++) { XX(j,i)=a(kj);  kj=kj+1; }

        for (unsigned i=0; i<p-1; i++) 
	for (unsigned j=i+1; j<p; j++) XX(i,j)=XX(j,i);
	return(XX);
} /*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP XXMatFULL(SEXP XXSEXP,SEXP XP)
{/*{{{*/
	BEGIN_RCPP
        mat XX = Rcpp::as<mat>(XXSEXP);
	int p = Rcpp::as<int>(XP);
	unsigned xxp = XX.n_cols;
	unsigned n = XX.n_rows;

	mat XXf(n,p*p);
	for (unsigned j=0; j<n; j++)  {
		XXf.row(j)=vectorise(lower2fullXX(XX.row(j),p)).t();
	}
	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("XXf")=XXf));
	END_RCPP
}/*}}}*/

mat xxMatFULL(mat XX,int p)
{/*{{{*/
	unsigned n = XX.n_rows;

	mat XXf(n,p*p);
	for (unsigned j=0; j<n; j++)  {
		XXf.row(j)=vectorise(lower2fullXX(XX.row(j),p)).t();
	}
	return(XXf); 
}/*}}}*/


RcppExport SEXP FastCoxPLstrata(SEXP betaSEXP,/*{{{*/
		SEXP XSEXP,
		SEXP XXSEXP,
		SEXP SignSEXP,
		SEXP JumpsSEXP,
		SEXP strataSEXP,
		SEXP nstrataSEXP,
		SEXP weightsSEXP,
		SEXP offsetsSEXP,
		SEXP ZXSEXP,
		SEXP caseweightsSEXP) {
	BEGIN_RCPP
	colvec beta = Rcpp::as<colvec>(betaSEXP);
	mat X = Rcpp::as<mat>(XSEXP);
	mat XX = Rcpp::as<mat>(XXSEXP);
	mat ZX = Rcpp::as<mat>(ZXSEXP);
	arma::uvec Jumps = Rcpp::as<uvec >(JumpsSEXP);
	arma::Col<int> Sign = Rcpp::as<arma::Col<int> >(SignSEXP);
	IntegerVector strata(strataSEXP);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(nstrataSEXP);
	// unsigned n = X.n_rows;
	unsigned p = X.n_cols;
	colvec weights = Rcpp::as<colvec>(weightsSEXP);
	colvec offsets = Rcpp::as<colvec>(offsetsSEXP);
	colvec caseweights = Rcpp::as<colvec>(caseweightsSEXP);

	colvec Xb = X*beta+offsets;
	colvec eXb = exp(Xb)%weights;
	if (Sign.n_rows==eXb.n_rows) { // Truncation
		eXb = Sign%eXb;
	}

	colvec S0 = revcumsumstrata(eXb,strata,nstrata);
	mat E=revcumsumstrataMatCols(X,eXb,S0,strata,nstrata);

	E = E.rows(Jumps);
	mat E2=vecmatCP(E); 
//	mat E2(E.n_rows, E.n_cols*E.n_cols); // Calculate E' E at each time-point
//	for (unsigned i=0; i<E.n_rows; i++) {
//		rowvec Xi = E.row(i);
//		E2.row(i) = vectorise(Xi.t()*Xi,1);
//	}

	mat XX2=revcumsumstrataMatCols(XX,eXb,S0,strata,nstrata);

	mat ZX2 = ZX;
	if (ZX.n_rows==X.n_rows) {
		ZX2=revcumsumstrataMatCols(ZX,eXb,S0,strata,nstrata);
	}

	XX2 = XX2.rows(Jumps);
	colvec weightsJ=weights.elem(Jumps);
	colvec caseweightsJ=caseweights.elem(Jumps);
	S0 = S0.elem(Jumps);
	mat grad = (X.rows(Jumps)-E);        // Score
	vec val =  (Xb.elem(Jumps)-log(S0)); // Partial log-likelihood

	//  colvec iweightsJ=1/weightsJ;
	colvec S02 = S0/(caseweightsJ%weightsJ);          // S0 with weights to estimate baseline
	// mat grad2= vecmatrow(caseweightsJ%weightsJ,grad); // score  with weights
	mat grad2 = grad.each_col() % (caseweightsJ%weightsJ);
	vec val2 = caseweightsJ%weightsJ%val;             // Partial log-likelihood with weights

	mat hesst = -(XX2-E2);               // hessian contributions in jump times
//	mat hess  = reshape(sum(hesst),p,p);
	mat hess  = lower2fullXX(sum(hesst),p);

	if (ZX.n_rows==X.n_rows) {
		ZX2 = ZX2.rows(Jumps);
	}

	// mat hesst2 = vecmatrow(caseweightsJ%weightsJ,hesst); // hessian over time with weights
	mat hesst2 = hesst.each_col() % (caseweightsJ%weightsJ); // hessian over time with weights
//	mat hess2 = reshape(sum(hesst2),p,p);  // hessian with weights
	mat hess2  = lower2fullXX(sum(hesst2),p);

	//  hesst2.print("hessiantime"); hess2.print("hessian");
	//  if (hess.has_nan()) {
	//	printf("============================ \n");
	//	S0.print("S0"); exb.print("exb"); grad.print("grad"); e.print("e"); xx2.print("xx"); X.print("X");
	//	printf("============================ \n");
	//	}

	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("jumps")=Jumps,
				Rcpp::Named("ploglik")=sum(val2),
				Rcpp::Named("U")=grad2,
				Rcpp::Named("gradient")=sum(grad2),
				Rcpp::Named("hessian")=hess2,
				Rcpp::Named("hessianttime")=hesst2,
				Rcpp::Named("S2S0")=XX2,
				Rcpp::Named("E")=E,
				Rcpp::Named("S0")=S02,
				Rcpp::Named("ZXeXb")=ZX2,
				Rcpp::Named("weightsJ")=weightsJ,
				Rcpp::Named("caseweightsJ")=caseweightsJ
				));
	END_RCPP
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP FastCoxPLstrataPO(SEXP betaSEXP, SEXP XSEXP, SEXP XXSEXP, SEXP SignSEXP, SEXP JumpsSEXP,
		SEXP strataSEXP, SEXP nstrataSEXP, SEXP weightsSEXP, SEXP offsetsSEXP, SEXP ZXSEXP, SEXP propoddsSEXP) {
	BEGIN_RCPP/*{{{*/
		colvec beta = Rcpp::as<colvec>(betaSEXP);
	mat X = Rcpp::as<mat>(XSEXP);
	mat XX = Rcpp::as<mat>(XXSEXP);
	mat ZX = Rcpp::as<mat>(ZXSEXP);
	arma::uvec Jumps = Rcpp::as<uvec >(JumpsSEXP);
	arma::Col<int> Sign = Rcpp::as<arma::Col<int> >(SignSEXP);
	IntegerVector strata(strataSEXP);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(nstrataSEXP);
	double propodds = Rcpp::as<double>(propoddsSEXP);
	// unsigned n = X.n_rows;
	unsigned p = X.n_cols;
	colvec weights = Rcpp::as<colvec>(weightsSEXP);
	colvec offsets = Rcpp::as<colvec>(offsetsSEXP);

	colvec Xb = X*beta+offsets;
	colvec eXbnow = exp(Xb);
	colvec eXb = exp(Xb)%weights;
	if (Sign.n_rows==eXb.n_rows) { // Truncation
		eXb = Sign%eXb;
	}

	colvec S0 = revcumsumstrata(eXb,strata,nstrata);
	mat E=revcumsumstrataMatCols(X,eXb,S0,strata,nstrata);

	E = E.rows(Jumps);
	mat E2=vecmatCP(E); 
//	mat E2(E.n_rows, E.n_cols*E.n_cols); // Calculate E' E at each time-point
//	for (unsigned i=0; i<E.n_rows; i++) {
//		rowvec Xi = E.row(i);
//		E2.row(i) = vectorise(Xi.t()*Xi,1);
//	}

	mat XX2=revcumsumstrataMatCols(XX,eXb,S0,strata,nstrata);

	mat ZX2 = ZX;
	if (ZX.n_rows==X.n_rows) {
		ZX2=revcumsumstrataMatCols(ZX,eXb,S0,strata,nstrata);
	}

	XX2 = XX2.rows(Jumps);
	colvec weightsJ=weights.elem(Jumps);
	S0 = S0.elem(Jumps);
	IntegerVector strataJ = seq_len(Jumps.n_rows);
	for (unsigned i=0; i<Jumps.n_rows; i++) {
		strataJ(i)=strata(Jumps(i));
	}

	colvec pow=cumsumstrataPO(weightsJ,S0,strataJ,nstrata,propodds,eXbnow.elem(Jumps));
	mat DLam =DLambeta(weightsJ,S0,E,X.rows(Jumps),strataJ,nstrata,propodds,eXbnow.elem(Jumps));
	//  DLam.print(" er den der");

	mat grad = (X.rows(Jumps)-E);        // Score
	vec val =  (Xb.elem(Jumps)-log(S0)); // Partial log-likelihood

	colvec S02 = S0/(pow%weightsJ);            // S0 with weights to estimate baseline
	// mat grad2  = vecmatrow(pow%weightsJ,grad); // score  with weights
	mat grad2 = grad.each_col() % (pow%weightsJ);
	vec val2   = pow%weightsJ%val;             // Partial log-likelihood with weights

	// derivative adjustment for PO model
	mat gradAdjt(Jumps.n_rows,p*p);
	vec eXBj= eXbnow.elem(Jumps);
	mat XI= X.rows(Jumps);
	for (unsigned i=0; i<Jumps.n_rows; i++) {
		rowvec Xi = grad.row(i);
		gradAdjt.row(i)= vectorise((DLam.row(i)*eXBj(i)+(pow(i)-1)*XI.row(i)).t()*Xi,1);
	}


	mat hesst = -(XX2-E2);               // hessian contributions in jump times
	// hesst = vecmatrow(pow,hesst);
	hesst.each_col() %= pow;
	mat hesstf=xxMatFULL(hesst,p); 
	hesstf = hesstf+ gradAdjt;
	if (ZX.n_rows==X.n_rows) {
		ZX2 = ZX2.rows(Jumps);
	}

	// mat hesst2 = vecmatrow(weightsJ,hesst); // hessian over time with weights
	mat hesst2 = hesstf.each_col() % weightsJ;
//	mat hess2  = lower2fullXX(sum(hesst2),p);
	mat hess2 = reshape(sum(hesst2),p,p);  // hessian with weights

	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("jumps")=Jumps,
				Rcpp::Named("ploglik")=sum(val2),
				Rcpp::Named("U")=grad2,
				Rcpp::Named("gradient")=sum(grad2),
				Rcpp::Named("hessian")=hess2,
				Rcpp::Named("hessianttime")=hesst2,
				Rcpp::Named("S2S0")=XX2,
				Rcpp::Named("E")=E,
				Rcpp::Named("S0")=S02,
				Rcpp::Named("ZXeXb")=ZX2,
				Rcpp::Named("weights")=weightsJ,
				Rcpp::Named("propoddsW")=pow,
				Rcpp::Named("DLam")=DLam
				));
	END_RCPP
} /*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP FastCoxPLstrataAddGam(SEXP betaSEXP,
		SEXP XSEXP,
		SEXP XXSEXP,
		SEXP SignSEXP,
		SEXP JumpsSEXP,
		SEXP strataSEXP,
		SEXP nstrataSEXP,
		SEXP weightsSEXP,
		SEXP offsetsSEXP,
		SEXP ZXSEXP,
		SEXP itheta, SEXP idimthetades,SEXP ithetades,
		SEXP iags, SEXP ivarlink, SEXP idimjumprv,SEXP ijumprv,
		SEXP iJumpsCauses
		) {/*{{{*/
	BEGIN_RCPP
		colvec beta = Rcpp::as<colvec>(betaSEXP);
	mat X = Rcpp::as<mat>(XSEXP);
	mat XX = Rcpp::as<mat>(XXSEXP);
	mat ZX = Rcpp::as<mat>(ZXSEXP);
	arma::uvec Jumps = Rcpp::as<uvec >(JumpsSEXP);
	arma::Col<int> Sign = Rcpp::as<arma::Col<int> >(SignSEXP);
	IntegerVector strata(strataSEXP);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(nstrataSEXP);
	//  double propodds = Rcpp::as<int>(propoddsSEXP);
	// unsigned n = X.n_rows;
	unsigned p = X.n_cols;
	colvec weights = Rcpp::as<colvec>(weightsSEXP);
	colvec offsets = Rcpp::as<colvec>(offsetsSEXP);


	//  reading in matrices and cubes for AddGam  cause is in strata
	vec                  theta = Rcpp::as<vec>(itheta);
	mat                    ags = Rcpp::as<mat>(iags);
	int                varlink = Rcpp::as<int>(ivarlink);

	// array for xjump covariates of jump subject, for all causes
	// NumericVector vxjump(ixjump);
	// IntegerVector arrayDims(idimxjump);
	// arma::cube xjump(vxjump.begin(), arrayDims[0], arrayDims[1], arrayDims[2], false);

	// array for xjump covariates of jump subject, for all causes
	NumericVector vecthetades(ithetades);
	IntegerVector arrayDims1(idimthetades);
	arma::cube thetades(vecthetades.begin(), arrayDims1[0], arrayDims1[1], arrayDims1[2], false);

	// array for xjump covariates of jump subject, for all causes
	NumericVector vrv(ijumprv);
	IntegerVector arrayDims2(idimjumprv);
	arma::cube rv(vrv.begin(), arrayDims2[0], arrayDims2[1], arrayDims2[2], false);

	// indeces of the causes relatd to the two jumps
	arma::umat JumpsCauses = Rcpp::as<umat >(iJumpsCauses);
	// arma::uvec ij1 = JumpsCauses.col(0);
	// arma::uvec ij2 = JumpsCauses.col(1);
	//

	vec etheta=theta;
	if (varlink==1) etheta=exp(theta);

	colvec Xb = X*beta+offsets;
	colvec eXb = exp(Xb)%weights;
	if (Sign.n_rows==eXb.n_rows) { // Truncation
		eXb = Sign%eXb;
	}

	colvec S0 = revcumsumstrata(eXb,strata,nstrata);
	mat E=revcumsumstrataMatCols(X,eXb,S0,strata,nstrata);

	//  for (unsigned j=0; j<p; j++) {
	//    E.col(j) = revcumsumstrata1(X.col(j),eXb,S0,strata,nstrata);
	//  }

	E = E.rows(Jumps);
	mat E2=vecmatCP(E); 
//	mat E2(E.n_rows, E.n_cols*E.n_cols); // Calculate E' E at each time-point
//	for (unsigned i=0; i<E.n_rows; i++) {
//		rowvec Xi = E.row(i);
//		E2.row(i) = vectorise(Xi.t()*Xi,1);
//	}

	mat XX2=revcumsumstrataMatCols(XX,eXb,S0,strata,nstrata);
	//  mat XX2 = XX;
	//  for (unsigned j=0; j<XX2.n_cols; j++) { // int S2/S0(s)
	//    XX2.col(j) = revcumsumstrata1(XX2.col(j),eXb,S0,strata,nstrata);
	//  }

	mat ZX2 = ZX;
	if (ZX.n_rows==X.n_rows) {
		ZX2=revcumsumstrataMatCols(ZX,eXb,S0,strata,nstrata);
	}

	XX2 = XX2.rows(Jumps);
	colvec weightsJ=weights.elem(Jumps);
	S0 = S0.elem(Jumps);

	IntegerVector strataJ = seq_len(Jumps.n_rows);
	for (unsigned i=0; i<Jumps.n_rows; i++) {
		strataJ(i)=strata(Jumps(i));
	}
	//  colvec pow=cumsumstrataPO(S0,strataJ,nstrata,propodds,eXb.elem(Jumps));

	// for now use that covariates are the same for the two causes
	colvec  pow=cumsumstrataAddGam(S0,strataJ,nstrata,eXb,etheta,thetades,rv,ags,Jumps);


	mat grad = (X.rows(Jumps)-E);        // Score
	vec val =  (Xb.elem(Jumps)-log(S0)); // Partial log-likelihood

	colvec S02 = S0/(pow%weightsJ);            // S0 with weights to estimate baseline
	// mat grad2  = vecmatrow(pow%weightsJ,grad); // score  with weights
	mat grad2 = grad.each_col() % (pow%weightsJ);
	vec val2   = pow%weightsJ%val;             // Partial log-likelihood with weights

	mat hesst = -(XX2-E2);               // hessian contributions in jump times
	mat hess  = reshape(sum(hesst),p,p);
	if (ZX.n_rows==X.n_rows) {
		ZX2 = ZX2.rows(Jumps);
	}

	// mat hesst2 = vecmatrow(weightsJ,hesst); // hessian over time with weights
	mat hesst2 = hesst.each_col() % weightsJ;
//	mat hess2 = reshape(sum(hesst2),p,p);  // hessian with weights
	mat hess2  = lower2fullXX(sum(hesst2),p);

	//  if (hess.has_nan()) {
	//	printf("============================ \n");
	//	S0.print("S0"); exb.print("exb"); grad.print("grad"); e.print("e"); xx2.print("xx"); X.print("X");
	//	printf("============================ \n");
	//	}

	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("jumps")=Jumps,
				Rcpp::Named("ploglik")=sum(val2),
				Rcpp::Named("U")=grad2,
				Rcpp::Named("gradient")=sum(grad2),
				Rcpp::Named("hessian")=hess2,
				Rcpp::Named("hessianttime")=hesst2,
				Rcpp::Named("S2S0")=XX2,
				Rcpp::Named("E")=E,
				Rcpp::Named("S0")=S02,
				Rcpp::Named("ZXeXb")=ZX2,
				Rcpp::Named("weights")=weightsJ
				));
	END_RCPP
}/*}}}*/


RcppExport SEXP Matdoubleindex(SEXP im,SEXP irow,SEXP icols,SEXP ilength,SEXP iassign,SEXP ixvec ) {/*{{{*/
	mat m = Rcpp::as<mat>(im);
	IntegerVector rows(irow);
	IntegerVector cols(icols);
	colvec xvec = Rcpp::as<colvec>(ixvec);
	unsigned l = Rcpp::as<int>(ilength);
	unsigned assign = Rcpp::as<int>(iassign);
	vec res(l);
	vec where(l);
	List rres;

	int mn = m.n_rows;
	int mp = m.n_cols;

	for (unsigned i=0; i<l; i++) where(i)= ((rows(i) > -1) && (rows(i)< mn)) * ((cols(i) > -1) && (cols(i)< mp)) ;
	if (assign==0)  {
	for (unsigned i=0; i<l; i++) if (where(i)>0) { res(i)=m(rows(i),cols(i)); } else res(i)=0;
	rres["mat"]=res;
	} else  {
	for (unsigned i=0; i<l; i++) if (where(i)>0) { m(rows(i),cols(i))=xvec(i);  }
	rres["mat"]=m;
	}
	return(rres);
} /*}}}*/

mat CubeVecC(mat XX, vec beta,int dim1) {/*{{{*/
	unsigned p = beta.n_rows;
	unsigned n = XX.n_rows;

	mat XXbeta(n,dim1);
	for (unsigned j=0; j<n; j++)  {
		XXbeta.row(j)=(reshape(XX.row(j),dim1,p)*beta).t();
	}
	return(XXbeta);
}/*}}}*/


RcppExport SEXP CubeVec(SEXP XXSEXP, SEXP betaSEXP,SEXP iinv)
{/*{{{*/
	BEGIN_RCPP
//		colvec beta = Rcpp::as<colvec>(betaSEXP);
	mat XX = Rcpp::as<mat>(XXSEXP);
	mat beta = Rcpp::as<mat>(betaSEXP);
	unsigned p = beta.n_cols;
	unsigned pXX = XX.n_cols;
	unsigned n = XX.n_rows;
	unsigned inv = Rcpp::as<int>(iinv);
	unsigned nrowXX=pXX/p; 

	mat XXbeta(n,nrowXX);
	mat iXXbeta(n,p*p);
	mat iXX(nrowXX,p); 
	for (unsigned j=0; j<n; j++)  {
		if (inv==1) iXX= pinv(reshape(XX.row(j),p,p)); else iXX=reshape(XX.row(j),nrowXX,p); 
		if (inv==1) iXXbeta.row(j)=vectorise(iXX).t();
		XXbeta.row(j)=(iXX*(beta.row(j)).t()).t();
	}

	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("XXbeta")=XXbeta,Rcpp::Named("iXX")=iXXbeta));
	END_RCPP
}/*}}}*/



RcppExport SEXP CubeMat(SEXP XXSEXP,SEXP XSEXP)
{/*{{{*/
	BEGIN_RCPP
		mat XX = Rcpp::as<mat>(XXSEXP);
	mat X  = Rcpp::as<mat>(XSEXP);
	unsigned p = X.n_cols;
	unsigned n = XX.n_rows;

	mat XXX(n,p*p);
	for (unsigned j=0; j<n; j++)  {
		XXX.row(j)=(vectorise(reshape(XX.row(j),p,p)*X)).t();
	}

	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("XXX")=XXX));
	END_RCPP
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP CubeMattime(SEXP XSEXP,SEXP XXSEXP,SEXP irX,SEXP icX,SEXP irXX,SEXP icXX,SEXP iinv,SEXP itransX,SEXP itransXX)
{/*{{{*/
	BEGIN_RCPP
	mat XX = Rcpp::as<mat>(XXSEXP);
	mat X  = Rcpp::as<mat>(XSEXP);
	unsigned n = XX.n_rows;
	unsigned cX = Rcpp::as<int>(icX);
	unsigned rX = Rcpp::as<int>(irX);
	unsigned cXX = Rcpp::as<int>(icXX);
	unsigned rXX = Rcpp::as<int>(irXX);
	unsigned inv = Rcpp::as<int>(iinv);
	unsigned transXX = Rcpp::as<int>(itransXX);
	unsigned transX = Rcpp::as<int>(itransX);
	unsigned dimXXX=rX*cXX; 

	mat iX(rX,cX); 
	mat tXX(rXX,cXX); 
	if ((transX==0) && (transXX==0))  dimXXX=rX*cXX;
	if ((transX==1) && (transXX==0))  dimXXX=cX*cXX;
	if ((transX==0) && (transXX==1))  dimXXX=rX*rXX;
	if ((transX==1) && (transXX==1))  dimXXX=cX*rXX;
	mat XXX(n,dimXXX);
	mat XXi(rXX,cXX); 

	for (unsigned j=0; j<n; j++)  {
		if (inv==1) iX= pinv(reshape(X.row(j),rX,cX)); else iX=reshape(X.row(j),rX,cX); 
//		if (j==0) { XXi=reshape(XX.row(j),rXX,cXX); XXi.print(); iX.print(); }

		if ((transX==0) && (transXX==0))  XXX.row(j)=vectorise(iX    *reshape(XX.row(j),rXX,cXX)).t();
		if ((transX==1) && (transXX==0))  XXX.row(j)=vectorise(iX.t()*reshape(XX.row(j),rXX,cXX)).t();
		if ((transX==0) && (transXX==1))  XXX.row(j)=vectorise(iX    *reshape(XX.row(j),rXX,cXX).t()).t();
		if ((transX==1) && (transXX==1))  XXX.row(j)=vectorise(iX.t()*reshape(XX.row(j),rXX,cXX).t()).t();
	}

	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("XXX")=XXX));
	END_RCPP
}/*}}}*/


mat  vecmatmat(mat a,mat b)
{/*{{{*/
	unsigned n = b.n_rows;
	unsigned p1 = a.n_cols;
	unsigned p2 = b.n_cols;

	mat res(n,p1*p2);
	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		rowvec ai = a.row(i);
		rowvec bi = b.row(i);
		res.row(i)=vectorise(bi.t()*ai,1);
		//     mat tt=reshape(res.row(i),p1,p2);  // now tt is ai.t() * bi
		//     tt.print("tt");
	}
	return(res);
} /*}}}*/



RcppExport SEXP  vecCPMat(SEXP iX) { //
	BEGIN_RCPP/*{{{*/

	mat X = Rcpp::as<mat>(iX);
	mat res=vecmatCP(X);
	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("XX")=res));
	END_RCPP
} /*}}}*/



RcppExport SEXP  vecMatMat(SEXP iX,SEXP iZ) { //
	BEGIN_RCPP/*{{{*/

	mat X = Rcpp::as<mat>(iX);
	mat Z = Rcpp::as<mat>(iZ);
	mat res=vecmatmat(X,Z);
	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("vXZ")=res));
	END_RCPP
} /*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP OutCov(SEXP XSEXP, SEXP ZSEXP)
{/*{{{*/
	BEGIN_RCPP
		mat X = Rcpp::as<mat>(XSEXP);
	mat Z = Rcpp::as<mat>(ZSEXP);
	//  unsigned px = X.n_cols;
	//  unsigned pz = Z.n_cols;
	unsigned nx = X.n_rows;
	unsigned nz = Z.n_rows;

	mat XoZ(nx,nz);
	for (unsigned j=0; j<nx; j++)  {
		XoZ.row(j)=  X.row(j) * Z.t();
	}

	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("XoZ")=XoZ));
	END_RCPP
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP PropTestCox(SEXP iU, SEXP idUt, SEXP insim, SEXP iobssup) {/*{{{*/
	BEGIN_RCPP
	mat U      = Rcpp::as<mat>(iU);
	mat dUt = Rcpp::as<mat>(idUt);
	arma::vec osup = Rcpp::as<arma::vec>(iobssup);
	unsigned nsim = Rcpp::as<int>(insim);
	unsigned p = U.n_cols;
	unsigned n = U.n_rows;

	vec pval(p); pval.zeros();
	mat Uti(n,p);
	mat sup(nsim,p);
	mat simUti(n,50*p);

	GetRNGstate();  /* to use R random normals */

	for (unsigned j=0; j<nsim; j++) {
		vec nr=rnorm(n);
		// Uti=vecmatrow(nr,U);
		Uti = U.each_col() % nr;
		for (unsigned k=0; k<p; k++)  Uti.col(k) = cumsum(Uti.col(k));
		mat Uthati= CubeVecC(dUt,(Uti.row(n-1)).t(),p);
		Uthati=Uti-Uthati;

		for (unsigned k=0;k<p;k++)  {
			sup(j,k)=max(abs(Uthati.col(k)));
			if ((sup(j,k)>=osup(k))) { pval(k)++; }
			if (j<50) { simUti.col(j*p+k)=Uthati.col(k); }
		}
	}
	pval=pval/nsim;

	PutRNGstate();  /* to use R random normals */

	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("supUsim")=sup,
				Rcpp::Named("simUt")=simUti,
				Rcpp::Named("pval")=pval));
	END_RCPP
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP PropTestCoxClust(SEXP iUdN,SEXP idUt, SEXP iwrr, SEXP iZ,
		SEXP iS0s, SEXP iEs, SEXP insim, SEXP iobssup,
		SEXP inclust,SEXP iid, SEXP istrata,SEXP instrata, SEXP istrataJ, SEXP iJumps) {/*{{{*/
	BEGIN_RCPP
	mat UdN = Rcpp::as<mat>(iUdN);
	mat dUt = Rcpp::as<mat>(idUt);
	arma::vec wrr = Rcpp::as<arma::vec>(iwrr);
	mat Z  = Rcpp::as<mat>(iZ);
	arma::vec S0s = Rcpp::as<arma::vec>(iS0s);
	mat Es = Rcpp::as<mat>(iEs);
	IntegerVector id(iid);
	unsigned nsim = Rcpp::as<int>(insim);
	arma::vec osup = Rcpp::as<arma::vec>(iobssup);
	unsigned nclust = Rcpp::as<int>(inclust);
	unsigned p = Z.n_cols;
	unsigned n = Z.n_rows;
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	IntegerVector strataJ(istrataJ);
	arma::uvec Jumps = Rcpp::as<uvec >(iJumps);
	int nj=dUt.n_rows;
	int nJ=dUt.n_rows; // Jumps.size();
//	IntegerVector strataJ=seq_len(nJ);

        mat E1J(nJ,p);
	mat S0wJ(nJ,p);
	mat Uti(nJ,p);

	vec pval(p); pval.zeros();
	mat S1w(n,p);
	mat sup(nsim,p);
	mat simUti(nj,50*p);
	vec nr(n);

	GetRNGstate();  /* to use R random normals */

	for (unsigned j=0; j<nsim; j++) {
		vec nnr=rnorm(nclust);
		for (unsigned k=0; k<n; k++) nr(k) = nnr(id(k));
		vec nrJ=nr.elem(Jumps);
		// Uti=vecmatrow(nrJ,UdN);
		Uti = UdN.each_col() % nrJ;
		for (unsigned k=0; k<p; k++) Uti.col(k) = cumsum(Uti.col(k));

		vec nrwrr=wrr%nr;
		colvec S0w=revcumsumstrata(nrwrr,strata,nstrata);
		S0w=S0w.elem(Jumps);
		for (unsigned k=0; k<p; k++) S1w.col(k)=revcumsumstrata(Z.col(k)%nrwrr,strata,nstrata);
		mat S1wJ=S1w.rows(Jumps);
		for (unsigned k=0; k<p; k++) S1wJ.col(k)=cumsum((S1wJ.col(k)-S0w%Es.col(k))/S0s);

		vec last=(Uti.row(nJ-1)).t() - (S1wJ.row(nJ-1)).t();
		mat Uthati= CubeVecC(dUt,last,p);

		Uti=Uti-S1wJ;
		Uthati=Uti-Uthati;

		for (unsigned k=0;k<p;k++)  {
			sup(j,k)=max(abs(Uthati.col(k)));
			if ((sup(j,k)>=osup(k))) { pval(k)++; }
			if (j<50) { simUti.col(j*p+k)=Uthati.col(k); }
		}
	}
	pval=pval/nsim;

	PutRNGstate();  /* to use R random normals */

	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("supUsim")=sup,
				Rcpp::Named("simUt")=simUti,
				Rcpp::Named("pval")=pval));
	END_RCPP
}/*}}}*/

RcppExport SEXP ModelMatrixTestCox(SEXP iU, SEXP idUt,SEXP ibetaiid, SEXP insim, SEXP iobssup) {/*{{{*/
	BEGIN_RCPP
	mat U   = Rcpp::as<mat>(iU);
	mat dUt = Rcpp::as<mat>(idUt);
	mat betaiid = Rcpp::as<mat>(ibetaiid);
	arma::vec osup = Rcpp::as<arma::vec>(iobssup);
	unsigned nsim = Rcpp::as<int>(insim);
	unsigned mp = U.n_cols;
	unsigned p = betaiid.n_cols;
	unsigned n = U.n_rows;

	vec pval(mp); pval.zeros();
	//  mat Uthati(n,mp);
	mat Uti(n,mp);
	mat betati(n,p);
	mat sup(nsim,mp);
	mat last(nsim,mp);
	mat simUti(n,50*mp);

	GetRNGstate();  /* to use R random normals */

	colvec nr(Uti.n_rows);

	for (unsigned j=0;j<nsim; j++) {
		nr=rnorm(n);
		// Uti=vecmatrow(nr,U);
		Uti = U.each_col() % nr;
		// betati=vecmatrow(nr,betaiid);
		betati = betaiid.each_col() % nr;
		for (unsigned k=0;k<mp;k++)  Uti.col(k)=cumsum(Uti.col(k));
		colvec betatti=(sum(betati)).t();
		mat Uthati= CubeVecC(dUt,betatti,mp);
		Uthati=Uti-Uthati; //     if(j==0) Uthati.print("one sim");

		for (unsigned k=0;k<mp;k++)  {
			last(j,k)=Uthati(n-1,k);
			sup(j,k)=max(abs(Uthati.col(k)));
			if ((sup(j,k)>=osup(k))) {pval(k)++;}
			if (j<50) { simUti.col(j*mp+k)=Uthati.col(k); }
		}
	}
	pval=pval/nsim;

	PutRNGstate();  /* to use R random normals */

	return(Rcpp::List::create(Rcpp::Named("supUsim")=sup,
				Rcpp::Named("last")=last,
				Rcpp::Named("simUt")=simUti,
				Rcpp::Named("pval")=pval));
	END_RCPP
}/*}}}*/

/*{{{   Double-Fine-Gray recursive utility functions  */

RcppExport SEXP cumsumstrataDFGR(SEXP iw,SEXP iS0,SEXP icause,SEXP istrata,SEXP instrata,SEXP iexb) {
	colvec w = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iw);
	mat S0 = Rcpp::as<mat>(iS0);
	mat exb = Rcpp::as<mat>(iexb);
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
	IntegerVector cause(icause);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);

        unsigned n = S0.n_rows;
	colvec tmpsum1(nstrata); tmpsum1.zeros();
	colvec tmpsum2(nstrata); tmpsum2.zeros();
	mat res = S0;
	colvec pow1(n);
	colvec pow2(n);

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(i);
		if ((ss<nstrata) && (ss>=0))  {
			double F1=(1-exp(-exb(i,0)*tmpsum1(ss))); // F_1
			double F2=(1-exp(-exb(i,1)*tmpsum2(ss))); // F_2
			pow1(i)=(1-F1-F2)/(1-F1);
			pow2(i)=(1-F1-F2)/(1-F2);
			if (cause(i)==1) tmpsum1(ss) += pow1(i)*w(i)/S0(i,0);
			if (cause(i)==2) tmpsum2(ss) += pow2(i)*w(i)/S0(i,1);
			res(i,0) = tmpsum1(ss);
			res(i,1) = tmpsum2(ss);
		}
	}

	List rres;
	rres["base"]=res;
	rres["pow1"]=pow1;
	rres["pow2"]=pow2;
	return(rres);
}

RcppExport SEXP cumsumstrataDFGRestrictR(SEXP iw,SEXP iS0,SEXP icause,SEXP istrata,SEXP instrata,SEXP iexb,SEXP iLam1inf) {
	colvec w = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iw);
	mat S0 = Rcpp::as<mat>(iS0);
	mat exb = Rcpp::as<mat>(iexb);
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
	IntegerVector cause(icause);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);
	colvec Lam1inf = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iLam1inf);

        unsigned n = S0.n_rows;
	colvec tmpsum1(nstrata); tmpsum1.zeros();
	colvec tmpsum2(nstrata); tmpsum2.zeros();
	mat res = S0;
	colvec pow1(n);
	colvec pow2(n);

	for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(i);
		if ((ss<nstrata) && (ss>=0))  {
			double F1=(1-exp(-exb(i,0)*tmpsum1(ss)));                            // F_1
			double F2=(1-exp(-exb(i,1)*tmpsum2(ss)))*exp(-exb(i,0)*Lam1inf(ss)); // F_2
			pow1(i)=(1-F1-F2)/(1-F1);
			pow2(i)=(1-F1-F2)/(exp(-exb(i,1)*tmpsum2(ss))*exp(-exb(i,0)*Lam1inf(ss)));                       ;
			if (cause(i)==1) tmpsum1(ss) += pow1(i)*w(i)/S0(i,0);
			if (cause(i)==2) tmpsum2(ss) += pow2(i)*w(i)/S0(i,1);
			res(i,0) = tmpsum1(ss);
			res(i,1) = tmpsum2(ss);
		}
	}

	for (int i=0;i<nstrata; i++) Lam1inf(i)=tmpsum1(i);

	List rres;
	rres["base"]=res;
	rres["pow1"]=pow1;
	rres["pow2"]=pow2;
	rres["Lam1inf"]=Lam1inf;
	return(rres);
}

RcppExport SEXP DLambetaDFGR(SEXP iweights,SEXP iS0,SEXP icause,SEXP iE,SEXP iXi,SEXP istrata,SEXP instrata,SEXP iexb) {
//	colvec w = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iw);
	colvec weights = Rcpp::as<colvec>(iweights);
	mat S0 = Rcpp::as<mat>(iS0);
	mat exb = Rcpp::as<mat>(iexb);
	mat E = Rcpp::as<mat>(iE);
	mat Xi = Rcpp::as<mat>(iXi);
	IntegerVector strata(istrata);
	IntegerVector cause(icause);
	int nstrata = Rcpp::as<int>(instrata);

        unsigned n = S0.n_rows;
	unsigned p = E.n_cols/2;

	colvec tmpsum1(nstrata); tmpsum1.zeros();
	colvec tmpsum2(nstrata); tmpsum2.zeros();
	colvec pow1(n); colvec pow2(n);
	mat dLam1(n,p); dLam1.zeros();
	mat dLam12(n,p); dLam12.zeros();
	mat dLam2(n,p); dLam2.zeros();
	mat dLam21(n,p); dLam21.zeros();
	mat dLam1tminus(nstrata,p); dLam1tminus.zeros();
	mat dLam12tminus(nstrata,p); dLam12tminus.zeros();
	mat dLam2tminus(nstrata,p); dLam2tminus.zeros();
	mat dLam21tminus(nstrata,p); dLam21tminus.zeros();

       for (unsigned i=0; i<n; i++) {
		int ss=strata(i);
		double F1=(1-exp(-exb(i,0)*tmpsum1(ss))); // F_1
		double F2=(1-exp(-exb(i,1)*tmpsum2(ss))); // F_2
		pow1(i)=(1-F1-F2)/(1-F1);
		pow2(i)=(1-F1-F2)/(1-F2);

        	if (cause(i)==1)  {
		        dLam1.row(i)=dLam1tminus.row(ss)+weights(i)*
			( -(dLam1tminus.row(ss)*exb(i)+Xi.row(i)*exb(i,0))/S0(i)-E.row(i)*pow1(i)/S0(i));
		        dLam12.row(i)=dLam12tminus.row(ss)+weights(i)*
			( -((1-F2)/(1-F1))*(dLam12tminus.row(ss)*exb(i)+Xi.row(i)*exb(i,0))/S0(i)-E.row(i)*pow1(i)/S0(i));
			tmpsum1(ss) += pow1(i)*weights(i)/S0(i,0);
		        dLam1tminus.row(ss) = dLam1.row(i);
		        dLam12tminus.row(ss) = dLam12.row(i);
		}

		if (cause(i)==2) {
		        dLam2.row(i) = dLam2tminus.row(ss)+weights(i)*
			( -(dLam2tminus.row(ss)*exb(i)+Xi.row(i)*(pow2(i)-1))/S0(i)-E.row(i)*pow2(i)/S0(i));
                        dLam21.row(i) = dLam21tminus.row(ss)+weights(i)*
			( -((1-F1)/(1-F2))*(dLam21tminus.row(ss)*exb(i)+Xi.row(i)*(pow2(i)-1))/S0(i)-E.row(i)*pow2(i)/S0(i));
			tmpsum2(ss) += pow2(i)*weights(i)/S0(i,1);
		        dLam2tminus.row(ss) = dLam2.row(i);
		        dLam21tminus.row(ss) = dLam21.row(i);
		}
	}

	List rres;
	rres["DLam1"]=dLam1;
	rres["DLam12"]=dLam12;
	rres["DLam2"]=dLam2;
	rres["DLam21"]=dLam21;
	return(rres);
}
/*}}}*/

