// Status=review

_WSJT-X_ is a computer program designed to facilitate basic amateur
radio communication using very weak signals. The first four letters in
the program name stand for "`**W**eak **S**ignal communication by
K1**JT**,`" while the suffix "`*-X*`" indicates that _WSJT-X_ started
as an extended branch of an earlier program, _WSJT_, first released in
2001.  Bill Somerville, G4WJS, Steve Franke, K9AN, and Nico Palermo,
IV3NWV, have been major contributors to development of _WSJT-X_ since
2013, 2015, and 2016, respectively. Bill Somerville died suddenly and
unexpectedly in December 2021; Uwe Risse, DG2YCB, joined the core
development team soon afterward, followed by Brian Moran, N9ADG
(2022) and John Nelson, G4KLA and Charlie Suckling, DL3WDG (2024). 

_WSJT-X_ Version {VERSION_MAJOR}.{VERSION_MINOR} offers eleven
different protocols or modes: *FST4*, *FT4*, *FT8*, *JT4*, *JT9*,
*JT65*, *Q65*, *MSK144*, *WSPR*, *FST4W*, and *Echo*.  The first seven
are designed for making reliable QSOs under weak-signal
conditions. They use nearly identical message structure and source
encoding.  JT65 was designed for EME ("`moonbounce`") on VHF and
higher bands and is mostly used for that purpose today.  Q65 is
particularly effective for tropospheric scatter, rain scatter,
ionospheric scatter, TEP, and EME on VHF and higher bands, as well as
other types of fast-fading signals.  JT9 was designed for the HF and
lower bands.  Its submode JT9A is 1 dB more sensitive than JT65 while
using less than 10% of the bandwidth.  JT4 offers a wide variety of
tone spacings and has proven highly effective for EME on microwave
bands up to 24 GHz.  The "`slow`" modes use timed sequences of
alternating transmission and reception.  JT4, JT9, and JT65 use
one-minute sequences, so a minimal QSO takes four to six minutes — two
or three transmissions by each station, one sending in odd UTC minutes
and the other even.  FT8 is four times faster (15-second T/R
sequences) and less sensitive by a few dB.  FT4 is faster still (7.5 s
T/R sequences) and especially well-suited for radio contesting.  FST4
is designed especially for the LF and MF bands.  Both FST4 and Q65
offer a wide variety of timed sequence lengths, and Q65 a range of
tone spacings for different propagation conditions.  On the HF bands,
world-wide QSOs are possible with any of these modes using power
levels of a few watts (or even milliwatts) and compromise antennas.
On VHF bands and higher, QSOs are possible (by EME, scatter, and other
propagation types) at signal levels 10 to 15 dB below those required
for CW.

*MSK144*, and optionally submodes *JT9E-H* are "`fast`"
protocols designed to take advantage of brief signal enhancements from
ionized meteor trails, aircraft scatter, and other types of scatter
propagation. These modes use timed sequences of 5, 10, 15, or 30 s
duration.  User messages are transmitted repeatedly at high rate (up
to 250 characters per second for MSK144) to make good use of the
shortest meteor-trail reflections or "`pings`".  MSK144 uses the same
structured messages as the slow modes and optionally an abbreviated
format with hashed callsigns.

Note that some of the modes classified as slow can have T/R sequence
lengths as short as the fast modes. As used here, "`slow`" implies that
message frames are sent once per transmission. Fast modes in _WSJT-X_
send message frames repeatedly, as many times as will fit into the Tx
sequence length, thereby making it possible to take advantage of short
propagation enhancements.

*WSPR* (pronounced "`whisper`") stands for **W**eak **S**ignal
**P**ropagation **R**eporter.  The WSPR protocol was designed for
probing potential propagation paths using low-power transmissions.
WSPR messages normally carry the transmitting station’s callsign,
grid locator, and transmitter power in dBm, and with two-minute
sequences they can be decoded at signal-to-noise ratios as low
as -31 dB in a 2500 Hz bandwidth. *FST4W* is designed for
similar purposes, but especially for use on LF and MF bands.
It includes optional sequence lengths as long as 30 minutes and
reaches sensitivity tresholds as low as -45 dB.  Users
with internet access can automatically upload WSPR and FST4W
reception reports to a central database called {wsprnet} that
provides a mapping facility, archival storage, and many other
features.

*Echo* mode allows you to detect and measure your own station's echoes
from the moon and to make other measurements useful for optimizing
your EME station's performance.

_WSJT-X_ provides spectral displays for receiver passbands as wide as
5 kHz, flexible rig control for nearly all modern radios used by
amateurs, and a wide variety of special aids such as automatic Doppler
tracking for EME QSOs and Echo testing.  The program runs equally well
on Windows, Macintosh, and Linux systems, and installation packages
are available for all three platforms.

*Version Numbers:* _WSJT-X_ release numbers have major, minor, and
patch numbers separated by periods: for example, _WSJT-X_ Version
2.1.0.  Temporary _beta release_ candidates are sometimes made in
advance of a new general-availability release, in order to obtain user
feedback.  For example, version 2.1.0-rc1, 2.1.0-rc2, etc., would
be beta releases leading up to the final release of v2.1.0.
Release candidates should be used _only_ during a short testing
period. They carry an implied obligation to provide feedback to the
program development group.  Candidate releases should not be used on
the air after a full release with the same number is made.

A companion program _MAP65_, written by K1JT, is designed for EME
communication using the JT65 and Q65 protocols. When used with RF
hardware providing coherent signal channels for two orthogonal
polarizations, the program provides automatic polarization-matched
reception for every JT65 or Q65 signal in a 90 kHz passband.  On the
Windows platform, _MAP65_ is installed automatically along with
_WSJT-X_.
